<p>An den zwei Steinen is a mountain, in the Idar Forest  in the counties of Birkenfeld and Bernkastel-Wittlich in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.</p><br>
<p>The wooded peak is the second-highest in Rhineland-Palatinate after the Erbeskopf, 15 kilometres to the southwest (with its southwestern spur, the Springenkopf, ) in the Schwarzwalder Hochwald, and ahead of the Kahlheid, 12 kilometres southwest, also in the Idar Forest.</p><br>
<p>Its summit lies on the boundary of Stipshausen to the northeast, Hottenbach to the east-southeest and Hinzerath (part of Morbach) to the northwest; other municipalities nearby are: Hochscheid to the north and Hellertshausen to the southeast.</p><br>
<p>The Landesstraße 159 between Hinzerath and nearby Bruchweiler runs past the mountain to the southwest. The road from Hinzerath to Hellertshausen (Kreisstraßen 125 and 56) branches off the L 159 and runs over the southern flank of the mountain.</p><br>
<p>Ithaca Fire Station is a heritage-listed fire station at 140 Enoggera Terrace, Paddington, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by station superintendent Alfred Joseph Harper and built in 1918-1919; an upper level was designed by Atkinson, Powell and Conrad and built by Frederick Enchelmaier in 1928. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 2 March 1993.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The ground floor of this timber and fibro-cement building was erected in 1918-19 as the headquarters of the Ithaca Fire Brigade. The brigade was formed in 1918 by the merger of the Ithaca and Milton Volunteer Fire Brigades, and provided the inner western suburbs with a permanent firefighting force of four, with six auxiliary staff.</p><br>
<p>The building was erected on Cook&#39;s Hill, at the junction of Latrobe and Enoggera Terraces, near where the Ithaca Volunteer Fire Brigade station had stood. The new building was constructed by the firefighters themselves at a cost of £500, using materials from dismantled fire stations. It was designed by the superintendent, Alfred Joseph Harper, who also supervised the work. Site excavation, terracing, and installation of a septic tank were carried out by the Ithaca Town Council, who were eager to promote an improved firefighting service in the town.</p><br>
<p>The station was opened on 8 February 1919 by the Mayor of Ithaca, Alderman Kaye. It comprised an engine room, recreation room, large dormitory, bathroom and verandah. Located within the grounds were a large shed, which possibly pre-dated the station building, and a fire hose tower, removed from the former Milton Volunteers&#39; Baroona Road station.</p><br>
<p>In 1921 Brisbane&#39;s fire brigades combined to form the Metropolitan Fire Brigades District, and the station continued to be known as the Ithaca Fire Station.</p><br>
<p>Extensive landscaping of Cooks Hill was undertaken in 1919 by the Ithaca Town Councils gardener, Alexander Jolly. Most of this was destroyed with the construction of the adjacent tramway substation in 1929-30.</p><br>
<p>In 1928 a first floor was added as accommodation for the officer in charge. The architects were Atkinson, Powell, Conrad and the builder was Frederick Enchelmaier. During the Second World War the building was a base for the Wartime Auxiliary Fire Service.</p><br>
<p>The fire station functioned until August 1992, when it was vacated. It was the longest operating fire station in the Brisbane area. The hose tower was removed some time after 1981.</p><br>
<p>The galvanised iron storage shed which was located between the fire station building and the adjacent substation was removed in 1995.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former Ithaca Fire Station, situated near the junction of Enoggera and Latrobe Terraces, is a two storeyed building with a hipped corrugated fibro cement roof.</p><br>
<p>The building is clad with chamferboards at the ground floor and fibro cement to the first floor. The north elevation has a central projecting vehicle bay with two sets of folding timber and glass garage doors. The ground floor has timber sash windows with decorative timber bracketed window hoods, while on the first floor there are casement windows.</p><br>
<p>Internally, the central vehicle bay has a concrete floor with timber floors to the locker room, recreation area and offices on each side. The ground floor walls have tongue and groove boards, the ceilings are boarded and a recessed bay with mottled glass panels opens off the vehicle bay to the locker room. The first floor has tongue and groove boards to the walls, fibro-cement ceiling, terrazzo floors to the bathroom and toilet, and timber floors elsewhere. Some of the original fire station fittings survive.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former Ithaca Fire Station was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 2 March 1993 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Ithaca Fire Station, constructed in two stages, 1918–19 and 1928, is important in demonstrating the evolution of Queensland&#39;s history, as it is an integral part of a group of civic buildings and places along Enoggera Terrace which demonstrate the identity of the former Ithaca Town.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>It demonstrates the principal characteristics of an early 20th century suburban fire station.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>It exhibits aesthetic characteristics valued by the community, including its landmark quality and contribution to the Paddington townscape.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The place has strong social and cultural association with the Paddington and Brisbane communities as an integral member of an historic group on Cook&#39;s Hill which includes the adjacent Ithaca War Memorial and parkland, Paddington Tramways Substation, and Ithaca Embankments.</p><br>
<p>Ithaca Embankments is a heritage-listed group of embankments in the former Town of Ithaca and now in the suburbs of Kelvin Grove, Red Hill and Paddington in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. They were designed by Alexander Jolly and built from to. They were added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 2 March 1993.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The rock gardens and early stone retaining walls and edgings on the embankments at Red Hill were established for the Ithaca Town Council. In 1918 MacGregor Terrace and Waterworks Road were similarly landscaped after road works, as were Fernberg Road and Northam Avenue in 1923. The remnant Musgrave Road plantings most likely date from 1917-18. The plantings and stone retaining wall along the Latrobe Terrace embankment probably were associated with the landscaping of Cook&#39;s Hill in the early 1920s.</p><br>
<p>In the first decade of the 20th century, Ithaca experienced a housing and population boom largely attributable to the expansion of the tramways through the area. Subsequently, in the 1910s the Ithaca Town Council embarked on a programme of civic improvements which included the establishment of Lang Park (1917), the Ithaca Swimming Pool (1917), and the Ithaca Children&#39;s Playground (also known as the Neal Macrossan Playground) (1918); the formation and metalling of roads; tree planting; and the establishment of numerous embankment gardens, small reserves and street gardens throughout the suburbs of Red Hill, Kelvin Grove, Paddington, Rosalie, Bardon, and parts of Milton.</p><br>
<p>Because of the hilly terrain, many of the new streets were divided, leaving embankments which the Ithaca Town Council considered were cheaper to plant and beautify than to cut down. This approach placed the Council at the forefront of street beautification projects in the Brisbane metropolitan area. By comparison, Brisbane Municipal Council, under the direction of Parks Superintendent Harry Moore, established rock gardens and flower beds along roads such as River Terrace at Kangaroo Point, but generally did not plant out embankments. The South Brisbane Municipal Council appears to have limited street beautification to weed eradication and tree planting.</p><br>
<p>This innovation in Brisbane civic landscaping led to Ithaca Town Council receiving numerous requests from other councils, interstate as well as Queensland, for photographs and plans of Ithaca street improvements. At the second Australian Town Planning Conference and Exhibition, held in Brisbane in July–August 1918, the Ithaca Town Council exhibited photographs showing treatment of ugly cuttings and street improvements which beautify the street and at the same time solve practical difficulties.</p><br>
<p>Much of the impetus for the work came from Ithaca Town Councils landscape gardener, Alexander Jolly, (father of the first Mayor of Greater Brisbane, William Jolly), who was a horticultural enthusiast. Son of a Scottish farmer, Jolly had arrived in Brisbane in 1879, aged 22 years. He was head gardener on Alexander Stewarts Glen Lyon estate at Ashgrove for at least seven years before he went to work for the Ithaca Town Council.</p><br>
<p>Jolly was a self-educated man, whose lifetime of gardening experience transformed the Ithaca townscape in the period -25. His work was praised by the local community, the Ithaca Town Council, and even Sir Matthew Nathan, Governor of Queensland, who in 1925 wrote that Jollys good taste has given constant pleasure to so many of us Ithaca residents. Some of Jollys more prominent projects included the rockeries along Musgrave and Waterworks Roads; the landscaping of Cooks Hill; and the Ithaca War Memorial garden, which, after his death, was named Alexander Jolly Park, in memory of one of the most esteemed men in the district, and as a unique tribute "to the pick and shovel". Only small sections of the Waterworks Road rockeries remain, and most of the Cooks Hill garden was destroyed when the Paddington Tramways Substation was erected in 1929-30.</p><br>
<p>The rock gardens listed above survive as some of the more intact examples of Jollys work. They also remain as testament to the Ithaca Town Councils public consciousness and active involvement in creating a distinctive town environment, in the early years of the 20th century.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>These Ithaca Town Council embankments display similar landscape design, planting, materials, and idiosyncratic features of Alexander Jolly&#39;s work. One of the most intact is the Windsor Road embankment, extending from the corner of Prospect Terrace to the corner of Victoria Street, Kelvin Grove.</p><br>
<h3>No 1 embankment</h3><br>
<p>Embankment on Windsor Rd, Kelvin Grove, from Prospect Tce to Victoria St. This embankment surrounds the western crest of Red Hill, bordering Morris Tor apartments on the corner of Prospect Terrace and Windsor Road to the north, continues along Windsor Road in front of Nos 21, 19 and 15 to the corner of Victoria Street and culminates in front of No 65 Victoria Street to the south.</p><br>
<p>The embankment is covered in lush vegetation, including at least six varieties of Agave sp. Queen Palms (Syagrus romanzoffiana); Camphor laurel (Cinnamomum camphora); Bougainvillaea sp. and a number of small shrubs popular in the early part of the twentieth century. The embankment is bordered by a concrete footpath and has several areas of natural rock face. There is a low three tier schist wall along part of Prospect Terrace and in front of Nos 21 and 19 Windsor Road.</p><br>
<p>A recent low bluestone wall borders the corner of Prospect Terrace and Windsor Road.</p><br>
<p>A set of concrete stairs is located on the Windsor Road side of the Morris Tor apartments and may have been for the earlier house which stood on the site. A sloping pathway with a timber railing fence leads through the vegetation to No 21 and is bordered by a low three tier dry stone porphyry wall.</p><br>
<p>A narrow driveway is located on the south boundary of No 19 and is surrounded by substantial groupings of agave sp. A driveway is located on the southern boundary of No 15 along the Victoria Street frontage providing access to No 15 and to No 65 Victoria Street and has planting to both the upper and lower sides. The embankment becomes a rock face in front of No 65.</p><br>
<p>Large trees are located along the frontages, and within the site boundaries, of the above properties and overhang the embankment below. There is one Weeping Fig (Ficus benjamina) and one Camphor laurel (Cinnamomum camphora) in front of Morris Tor, two Weeping Figs (Ficus benjamina) in front of both Nos 21 and 19, a Mango (Mangifera indica) in front of No 15 and four Weeping Figs (Ficus benjamina) and an avenue of Queen Palms (Syagrus romanzoffiana) in front of No 65. These trees, together with the embankment on Red Hill, form a local landmark visible from the surrounding ridges.</p><br>
<h3>No 2 embankment</h3><br>
<p>Embankment at corner of Windsor & Musgrave Rds, Red Hill, below the Red Hill Post Office, and an opposite divided street retaining wall with lower embankment. Two trees stand on the street corner with a concrete retaining wall and timber rail fence below. The planted embankment begins at the edge of the retaining wall and contains several varieties of agave sp., palms and small shrubs and is bounded by a bitumen footpath and a section of low dry stone wall. On the opposite side of the road is a lower stone retaining wall with a timber rail fence and concrete footpath on the top side and narrow roadway along the base. This roadway has a short embankment on the lower side to the corner of Zig Zag Street. This embankment has a section of stone retaining wall and several varieties of agave sp., trees and grasses.</p><br>
<h3>No 3 embankment</h3><br>
<p>Divided street embankment on Musgrave Rd, Red Hill, between Federal & Confederate Sts. This embankment contains a particularly intact section of dry stone wall which displays varying forms of construction. The embankment is bounded by a bitumen footpath with a timber rail fence along the top. There are several varieties of agave sp., palms, trees and small shrubs as well as areas of rock face.</p><br>
<h3>No 4 embankment</h3><br>
<p>Embankment on Musgrave Rd, Red Hill, below St Brigids Church. This tall embankment has a retaining wall along the top, which forms the forecourt to St Brigids Church, and is bounded by a bitumen footpath along the base. There are areas of rock face, several varieties of agave sp., trees, small shrubs and grasses.</p><br>
<h3>No 5 embankment</h3><br>
<p>Divided street embankment on Waterworks Rd, Red Hill, between Mornington & Lintern Sts, and returning into the latter. This embankment has a timber rail fence along the top and is bounded by Waterworks Road along the base. It has large sections of rock face with several varieties of agave sp., small shrubs and grasses, and a concrete stair at the street corner.</p><br>
<h3>No 6 embankment</h3><br>
<p>Divided street embankment on Fernberg Rd, Paddington, near the intersection with Kaye St, and an opposite embankment in front of Government House. The divided street embankment has sections of dry stone wall on the lower side, with several varieties of agave sp., trees and small shrubs. The opposite embankment also has sections of dry stone wall, of a different form of construction, and several varieties of agave sp., trees, palms, small shrubs and a grassed footpath.</p><br>
<h3>No 7 embankment</h3><br>
<p>Embankment on MacGregor Tce, Paddington, from Tooth Ave to Latrobe Tce, and returning into the latter. This tall embankment is bounded by residential properties on the top side and roadway along the base. The embankment has lush vegetation, including several varieties of agave sp., trees, small shrubs and vines with areas of rock face and remnants of a dry stone wall.</p><br>
<h3>No 8 embankment</h3><br>
<p>Embankment at corner of MacGregor & Rockbourne Tces, and returning into both streets. This embankment is bounded by a dry stone wall, prominent on the street corner, and bitumen footpath with areas of rock face along MacGregor Terrace. There are several varieties of agave sp., trees, palms and small shrubs.</p><br>
<h3>No 9 embankment</h3><br>
<p>Divided street embankment on Northam Ave, Bardon, from MacGregor Tce to approximately half the length of Northam Ave. This long embankment has a timber rail fence along the top side, a section of dry stone wall along the base and a concrete stair towards the end. There are several varieties of agave sp., trees, palms, small shrubs and grasses.</p><br>
<h3>No 10 embankment</h3><br>
<p>Embankment on Latrobe Tce, Paddington, from Enoggera Tce to the base of Ithaca War Memorial. The embankment is bounded by the Ithaca War Memorial, the former Ithaca Fire Station and Paddington Tramways Substation along the top side, with Latrobe Terrace along the base. There is a section of dry stone wall at the Memorial Park end with a substantial grouping of agave sp., and a section of dry stone wall at the Enoggera Terrace end, a remnant of the earlier gardens on the site. There are several varieties of agave sp., trees, palms, small shrubs, vines and grasses.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Ithaca Embankments are important in demonstrating the evolution of the Town of Ithaca, providing evidence of the active involvement of the Ithaca Town Council in landscape improvements, and its conscious attempt to enhance the quality of life for Ithaca residents in the early part of the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>They are important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of the Ithaca Town Councils early 20th century street beautification projects, being some of the best surviving examples, and provide important surviving evidence of stone retaining wall and edging techniques practised by Brisbanes public landscape gardeners in the early 20th century.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>They exhibit aesthetic characteristics valued by the community, in particular their contribution to the townscape of Brisbane&#39;s inner western suburbs.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>They are significant also for their special association with the work of Ithaca Town Council&#39;s landscape gardener, Alexander Jolly, and his transformation of the Ithaca townscape in the early 20th century.</p><br>
<p>Neal Macrossan Playground is a heritage-listed playground at 14 Caroline Street in the former suburb of Ithaca now Paddington, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1918 to 1934. It is also known as Ithaca Playground. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 9 May 1998.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Neal Macrossan Park, Paddington was designed as a model playground by the Playground Association in 1918. This was the first of the three early playgrounds organised by the Playground Association and was on the site of a former cemetery.</p><br>
<p>The Playground Association of Queensland held their first meeting in 1913 and was formed to introduce concepts emanating from the United States movement toward providing public recreation parks and playgrounds. A comprehensive guide to the design and management of these new parks, written by landscape architects and social planners, Arthur and Lorna Leland was published in 1909 and many of the themes of this book were adopted by the Playground Association of Queensland in their mission statements. In a time of serious epidemics the Leland book, Playground Technique and Playcraft, promoted a revised level of care and protection of children, allowing them a better chance at success in life. The basic requirements advocated for the mental and physical well being of children were good food, air, sunshine and exercise. Of these basic requirements, the playgrounds provided for three, and were also thought to instil a love of nature and an appreciation of beautiful environments. The first playgrounds in America developed as part of this movement were in Charlesbank, Boston; Boone Park, Louisville and many examples in Chicago all planned in the late nineteenth century. Many of these early playgrounds were designed by prolific and highly skilled landscape architect, Frederick Law Olmsted who was earlier involved with the highly influential design of Central Park, New York City. Generally these American playgrounds were incorporated in large public recreation parks, usually with elements such as playgrounds, open air gymnasiums, running tracks and field houses, which provided covered accommodation for halls, administrative offices, libraries and club rooms.</p><br>
<p>Unlike the large recreation parks constructed in the United States for the whole community, the playgrounds established in Queensland by the Playground Association were planned on a smaller scale, focussing solely on children and providing a playground and usually a field house. Usually the playgrounds were associated with an adjacent kindergarten or creche, and this is thought to have been due to Mary Josephine Bedfords involvement with the Creche and Kindergarten Association. This group formed in 1907 with the purpose of instituting and maintaining day nurseries and free kindergartens for the children of the poor in Brisbane. Like the Playground Association, the Creche and Kindergarten Association were successful in achieving local and Queensland Government sponsorship and funding as well as funding from various national philanthropic trust funds. The success of these two organisations can be rightly said to be due to the tireless and strategic work of Mary Josephine Bedford. Throughout her life Bedford, who is perhaps best remembered as the life long companion of Dr Lilian Violet Cooper, worked toward alleviating the stress and poverty afflicting urban dwellers. On her many study tours with Cooper, Bedford researched successful methods and programmes on the provision of family welfare in America and Europe and she is known to have attended lectures at Berkeley University on public recreation parks in about 1911, just two years before the Playground Association was established. Ms Bedford was associated with many of the early efforts in Brisbane to establish welfare; she was instrumental in increasing the scope of the Childrens Hospital in 1905, she was involved with the establishment of the Queensland branch of the National Council of Women also in 1905; she and Cooper were delegates at the International Council of Women in Stockholm in 1912, and in 1916 both Bedford and Cooper served in Serbia during World War I, Bedford as an ambulance driver for which she received the 5th Order of St Sava. Ms Bedford remained an active participant of both the Creche and Kindergarten Association and the Playground Association until her death in December 1955. It is clearly through her extensive letter writing, evident in archival files on both organisations, that they achieved their successes.</p><br>
<p>The Playground Association in Queensland was formed with the practical intention of promoting the establishment of childrens playgrounds and recreation centres in districts of poverty and high density. Also the Association worked towards assuming the administration of the parks and providing trained supervisors who were to direct play and, through this, to instil the values of courage, honesty and consideration in the children. The supervisors were also to look after the playground libraries, teach hand work and also to liaise with the childrens homes. The Association was interested in the full social development of the child and saw the lessons learnt during play as an adjunct to the lessons the children studied in their classrooms.</p><br>
<p>The sites chosen for the three playgrounds managed by the Playground Association in their formative years were at:</p><br>
<p>Paddington, established 1918</p><br>
<p>East Street, Fortitude Valley, established 1922</p><br>
<p>Spring Hill established 1927.</p><br>
<p>All three places of high-density low-cost housing. The characteristics of the sites were similar as well; the site was usually undeveloped and lying stagnant for various reasons; at Paddington the playground was part of a former cemetery and the Spring Hill playground was constructed on a former quarry site. The playgrounds were planned within a short distance of the local state school, usually near swimming baths and central to the density of housing surrounding the playground. They were planned with several mandatory features:</p><br>
<p>a boundary fence to aid supervision and protection of the child</p><br>
<p>borders within the playground separating girls, boys and toddlers</p><br>
<p>a field house</p><br>
<p>a well considered plan incorporating play equipment and open space.</p><br>
<p>The playgrounds were planned as model examples of recreational facilities for children, to be copied in both management and planning by schools and local councils across Queensland. Certainly the playgrounds established by the Playground Association foreshadowed a period of intense playground development in suburban Brisbane when a number were established by various groups, usually the city council or a local progress association. In 1938 a list was made of eight playgrounds managed or funded through the Brisbane City Council but not including those in which the Playground Association was involved. Like the three model playgrounds, the Brisbane City Council playgrounds were found in high density, inner city areas and included one in the Domain of the Brisbane Botanic Gardens. Over the next ten years the Council continued to acquire sites for playgrounds, although it should be noted that only those playgrounds managed by the Playground Association were supervised, a practice which continues to this day</p><br>
<p>The playground created in Paddington utilised the site of an early Brisbane cemetery which served the free settlers here from 1843 until 1875. The Paddington Cemeteries Act 1911 was passed to allow the land to be used for recreation purposes. The land on the southern side of Caxton Street became Lang Park and the land on the northern side was set aside as a reserve for the Ithaca Baths. On 13 June 1914 the remaining land on the northern side of Caxton Street was reserved for use as a children&#39;s playground. The original trusteeship lay with the Ithaca Shire Council, although the Brisbane City Council assumed the role on 15 April 1922. The land comprising the playground was twice increased in size; firstly in 1921 when the southern part of Moreton Street was closed and incorporated into the playground and secondly in 1934 when further land was adjacent to the first resumption was acquired for the playground. When the Inner North-West Ring Road (Hale Street ) development occurred in the early 1990s, further land, previously unallocated state land, was given to the playground.</p><br>
<p>The Ithaca Playground, as the Neal Macrossan Playground was first known, was the first playground with which the Playground Association of Queensland was involved. The siting of the Ithaca Playground in the midst of a dense working class suburb on a previously disused publicly owned site reflects one of the fundamental aims of the Playground Association - to facilitate the full development of all children and to provide aid to those children who may not otherwise fulfil their potential. The designer of the Ithaca Playground is thought to have been Robert Black, an authorised surveyor and town engineer whose name appears on plans of the original planned site. The official catalogue of the Second Annual Town Planning Conference and Exhibition in 1918 included this plan which was titled, Plan of Childrens Playground together with the Creche Kindergarten Free Library and Swimming Baths, Town of Ithaca dated July 1918. It is interesting that the plan incorporates all of these elements which, though run by different organisations, were obviously components of a large public facility aimed at family welfare. The plan of the playground was not realised as fully as the drawing suggests. The proposed plan incorporated many elements formally laid out using axial lines, symmetry and focal points. Included on the lower terrace of the plan, allocated for boys play was an oval for football, cricket and sports; a giant stride, open space, shelter shed with storage and an area for playing marbles and tops, appliances (equipment) for senior boys, appliance for junior boys; playing area for junior boys, a wading pool and a sand pit. The upper terrace, closer to the Creche and Kindergarten and allocated for the play of girls and infants, was a children&#39;s free library, appliances for senior girls, games area, appliances for junior girls, sand pit, concreted area for ball games, basket ball court, central shelter, and appliances for kindergarten children with separate sand pit and wading pool. The plan suggests that these elements should all be divided, by garden beds, pathways and screens. The Ithaca Swimming Pool was at the southern end of the site near adjacent to the boys playing area. The land tapered toward the south, meaning supervisors housed in the administrative room provided in the free library would have all areas of the playground in view. The playground resulting from this planning was apparently less substantially built up, but the zoning and terracing was recognisable.</p><br>
<p>One of the key elements of the plan was the childrens free library and supervisors cottage which was constructed as a simple timber building with tiled pyramidal roof. The library was funded and built by Miss Marcella Rachel Clark on behalf of the Order of the Round Table. Construction of the building was supervised by town engineer, Robert Black and the building was officially opened by Lady Gould Adams, the wife of the Queensland Governor Hamilton Goold-Adams, on 15 June 1917. This building which was originally on Moreton Street and known as a field house from the American models, was moved in about 1924, replaced by a large timber building housing the library, supervisor&#39;s cottage and a community hall. The original field house was moved to the east of the hall and remains in this place in 1998.</p><br>
<p>In 1959 the Brisbane City Council agreed to the suggestion of the Playground and Recreation Association to rename the park, the Neal Macrossan Playground in memory of Justice Neal Macrossan who had served about twenty years as the president of the Playground Association before his death in 1955. A locomotive was added to the playground on 20 March 1973 but this was removed in 1995. More recently the far south eastern corner of the site was dedicated as a skateboard/rollerblade facility and dedicated to Father Perry, a local Anglican minister who advocated strongly against the ring road. A naming ceremony was held on 25 September 1994.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Neal Macrossan Playground is an open space of inverted T-shape plan, bounded by Caxton Street to the south, Hale and Chrystal Streets to the east, Moreton Street to the west and the children&#39;s kindergarten and toy library to the north. The site comprises is bordered by large prominent fig trees along Caxton Street and on the Moreton Street boundary. Two large fig trees, thought to be part of the original scheme, are on the intersection of Moreton and Dowles Street. Centrally located along the Caxton Street boundary of the playground, but excluded from this listing, is the Ithaca Swimming Pool.</p><br>
<p>The playground comprises three buildings along the northern boundary, adjacent to the kindergarten; a tennis court in the north eastern along Caroline Street; a skate bowl, known as Father Perry Place on the eastern side of the swimming pool; a large oval on the western side of the swimming pool and terraced playground space in the central area. The three buildings at the Neal Macrossan Playground are a large public hall facing Moreton Street, a small former free library to the east of this, and abutting this on the eastern side is a covered play area.</p><br>
<p>The public hall is an elevated timber building with a gabled roof clad with corrugated iron. The building is clad externally with horizontal weatherboard. The western facade, facing the street, is lined with a verandah awning supported on simple stop chamfered columns. Between the columns is weatherboard panel balustrade which conceals timber stairs recessed in the verandah space. A large double timber boarded door, surrounded by lights and flanked by sash windows, is centrally located on this face of the building and provides access to a hall. The hall is lined on the southern side with an infilled verandah, and is lined internally with timber boarding and fibrous cement sheeting. At the front, eastern end of the hall is an elevated stage area, divided from the body of the hall by a timber arched proscenium.</p><br>
<p>The small square planned building on the eastern side of the hall, has a steeply pitched pyramidal roof clad with terracotta tiles. This is a simple elevated timber building with horizontal weatherboard external cladding and a large central window on the southern face. Abutting the east of this is a low set concrete block building constructed on a concrete slab and with a skillion roof clad with galvanised sheeting.</p><br>
<p>Neal Macrossan Playground is divided into sections by terracing of the land which falls away to the south. To the south of the buildings, which being at the northern end are on the highest ground, is the highest terrace. Below which are several terraced area, and a substantial embankment bordered the oval in the south western corner.</p><br>
<p>Established trees dominate the playground, particularly the aforementioned figs. Palms trees line the crystal street boundary, where the principal entrance to the playground is found through a chain link gate in a chain link fence. To the south of the buildings are several established shade trees. A tall hoop pine is planted at the eastern end of the playground, between the playground and the skate bowl.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Neal Macrossan Playground was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 9 May 1998 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Neal Macrossan Playground which was established in 1918 is important in demonstrating the pattern of growth of the working class suburbs of inner city Brisbane, particularly Paddington. The playgrounds demonstrate early twentieth century philosophies of child care, particularly in relation to the importance of adequately providing for children in poorer communities to provide a better chance of their future success.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The playground demonstrates the principal characteristics of early playgrounds formed by the Playground Association of Queensland, influenced by similar American models and designed as the model for all Queensland playgrounds. This is particularly evident in the siting, early land formation, early hall and established plantings.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The site has aesthetic significance as a public open space with established plantings forming a substantial element of the Paddington townscape, in particular the large Moreton Bay fig trees which line Caxton Street and Moreton Street are significant landmark elements. The hall is a well composed building which contributes markedly to the streetscape.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The playground has special associations with the surrounding community as well known public recreation reserve and supervised children&#39;s playground.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Neal Macrossan Playground has a special association with Ms Mary Josephine Bedford, an early Brisbane philanthropist who successfully instigated elements of family welfare in working class suburbs of Brisbane through her involvement with both the Playground Association and the Creche and Kindergarten Association. This was the first playground planned by the Playground Association and has importance to this group which continues its supervision to this day. The playground was named for Justice Neal Macrossan who was a long time president of the Playground Association and has special associations with him.</p><br>
<p>St John the Baptist Anglican Church is a heritage-listed church at 171 Oxford Street, Bulimba, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by John Hingeston Buckeridge and built in 1888 by T Whitty. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 9 July 2003.</p><br>
<p>Former Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd worshipped for many years at this church, being within his electorate of the Division of Griffith.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>St John the Baptist Anglican Church is a timber church constructed in 1888 and is prominently sited at an intersection of the main street of Bulimba.</p><br>
<p>European settlement of Bulimba began in the early 1850s with farming of small crops and fishing along the river. David McConnel built Bulimba House there, keeping cattle to acclimatize them before moving them to his pastoral property, Cressbrook, and growing maize and oats to feed them. In 1864 a large part of the Bulimba House land was subdivided into residential blocks. A ferry operated across the Brisbane River between Bulimba and the city from 1864 and, as the river provided the easiest route to Brisbane, it seems a natural progression that boat building began to develop as an industry in the area.</p><br>
<p>Initially the Anglican residents of Bulimba were members of St Andrews parish at South Brisbane and in October 1868 Christ Church Anglican at Tingalpa was dedicated after a committee of local residents, chaired by Charles Coxen, raised funds to erect a church to serve the Bulimba and Tingalpa areas.</p><br>
<p>By 1872 Bulimba was a postal township and from the 1870s the area gradually became more densely populated as it shared in the development boom of the 1880s. In 1881 the Presbyterians erected a church at Bulimba. In 1887 a grant of £25 was made toward building an Anglican church and Mrs Coxen put up a notice near the Bulimba ferry in 1887 calling a public meeting to seek support for the provision of regular local Anglican Services. As a result of the meeting, the Reverend H M Bannister commenced the Bulimba Mission. Religious services and a Sunday school were conducted in the local School of Arts.</p><br>
<p>Mrs Elizabeth Coxen donated land for a church in what is now Birkalla Street and also made a donation of £100 to the building fund. In 1888, this land was sold and the current, more central, site was purchased. Mrs Coxen died in 1906 and the church contains a memorial plaque and lectern commemorating this major benefactor.</p><br>
<p>John Hingeston Buckeridge, appointed Diocesan Architect in 1887, designed the new church. Buckeridge was born in England as the son of an ecclesiastical architect and was articled to leading ecclesiastical architect John Loughborough Pearson between 1874 and 1879, studying at the Royal Academy of Arts and the Architectural Association in London. He undertook important works for the Church in England before moving to Queensland for personal reasons and to supervise the proposed new Anglican cathedral to Pearson&#39;s design. Although work on the cathedral did not commence until after 1900, Dr William Webber, the Bishop of Brisbane, needed an architect to take charge of an ambitious building programme. It was intended to provide a series of "substantial and permanent churches in Queensland" to serve an expanding population. Although many of these churches could not be expensive, Buckeridge lifted them above the ordinary by quality of design and materials.</p><br>
<p>Lady Musgrave, wife of the Queensland Governor Anthony Musgrave, laid the first block of the new church at Bulimba on 23 June 1888. T Whitty constructed it at a cost of £700 and the first service was held there on 29 September 1888 on St Michael and All Angels Day, at which Archdeacon of Brisbane, Nathaniel Dawes, blessed the building. As Bishop of Brisbane William Webber was then overseas, the dedication service did not take place until 2 June 1889.</p><br>
<p>In 1893 the Bulimba Mission became part of Tingalpa parish and between 1900 and 1915 was under the direction of St John&#39;s Cathedral in the Brisbane CBD. In 1895, a Sunday school hall was built parallel to the church and behind it as seen from Oxford Street. This hall does not survive.</p><br>
<p>Many of the decorations and furnishings in the church were memorial gifts. They include the bell turret, constructed in 1915 in memory of Samuel and Mary Woodland and the pulpit given in memory of Corporal Frederick Storey who died at Gallipoli, which was installed in the same year. A small organ of unknown make was purchased from Lutwyche Park and installed in 1916.</p><br>
<p>Considerable works were carried out on the church in the 1930s, despite the straightened financial circumstances of the community in this period. A retaining wall was needed on the Oxford Street side of the site because the street level had been raised. This was constructed using Depression Relief labour. In 1936, the Reverend Thomas Tomlinson acquired a bell from the wrecked ship Maheno, which was installed in the belfry. A reredos and timber panelling were installed in the church in 1937, in time for its golden jubilee in the following year.</p><br>
<p>In the early 1950s, the timber screen was relocated from the chancel to the nave of the church and work was carried out on the organ, which was moved from the north to the south side of the building and converted to electricity. H W Jarrett carried out restoration work on the organ in 1978.</p><br>
<p>A brick parish hall was erected on land acquired further along Oxford Street in 1965 and was extended in 1986. The site of the original hall next to the church became a car park area.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The church is a landmark in Bulimba and occupies a level site on a prominent corner on the main street.</p><br>
<p>St John the Baptist church is a timber building with a corrugated iron roof. It is set on low brick piers and has a nave with side aisles open to the main body of the church. The nave is divided into seven bays by scissor trusses supported by stop-chamfered posts. A porch protects the main entrance at western end of the church and faces the street. Further entrances to the west, north and south sides are less prominent and all are accessed by low flights of steps. There is a car park on the southern side of the church.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the church has silky oak panelling and there is a timber chancel screen of a light and open design, which is now at the western end of the church. The interior is lit by lancet windows fitted with coloured glass and by small round windows set high in the wall on both sides of the nave.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>St John the Baptist Anglican Church was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 9 July 2003 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>As one of a series of churches designed by J H Buckeridge for the building programme instituted in the 1880s by Thomas Webber, Bishop of Brisbane, St John the Baptist church is evidence for the way in which the Anglican Church developed in Queensland during the nineteenth century. As the first Anglican church in the area it also reflects the development of Bulimba.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>St John the Baptist Anglican Church is a good and intact example of a timber church of its era.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>In its form, scale and detail it makes a substantial visual contribution to the built character of Bulimba.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>St John the Baptist Anglican Church has served Bulimba and the surrounding area since 1888 and continues to play an important role in the life of the community as the venue for shared religious and social experiences.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>St John the Baptist Anglican Church has a special association with the life and work of the Diocesan Architect, J H Buckeridge, and Bishop Webber, whose vision for the developing Church in Queensland encompassed the construction of new buildings of substance and quality.</p><br>
<p>Wheat Creek Culvert was a heritage-listed culvert at Adelaide Street, Brisbane City, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Christopher Porter and built in 1861 by H C Love. It is also known as Big Creek Culvert. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 24 January 2003, but was removed in June 2015 after it was destroyed to create the Inner Northern Busway. However, a short section was preserved as a feature in the King George Square busway station.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Wheat Street culvert was constructed in 1861 as part of Brisbane citys drainage system, and was one of the first civil engineering projects of the newly formed Brisbane Municipal Council. In 1825 the penal settlement at Moreton Bay was moved from Redcliffe to Brisbane, where a reliable supply of water could be found. This was the Wheat Creek (also known as the Big Creek&#39;) that rose near the site of the modern Brisbane Grammar School, in College Road. The creek flowed through what was later the Roma Street railway yards, forming a lagoon between modern George and Roma Streets and to the so-called horse pond formerly in front of the present Brisbane City Hall site. From here the creek flowed diagonally across the present Adelaide and Albert Streets intersection between Queen and Adelaide Streets and entered the river at the end of the present Creek Street. The bed of the creek is still visible down the service laneways in Adelaide Street.</p><br>
<p>In 1827 the first bridge was built across the Wheat Creek for a track to windmill on Spring Hill. This bridge was built from the intersection of Albert and Adelaide Streets and was replaced in 1861. Under the direction of Captain Patrick Logan an earth dam was built across the creek between Roma and Little Roma streets in the late 1820s (approximately near the western wall of the present Magistrates Court building). Water was carried from the dam through a pipeline made of hollow hardwood logs to the soldiers barracks near George and Queens Streets, and then to the Commandant&#39;s house in modern Queens Gardens. A convict-operated treadmill pumped water along the pipeline. In 1859 a large tank was built near the dam at Tank Street. This original water supply remained until 1866, when the new Enoggera Reservoir on Breakfast Creek (now Enoggera Creek), west of the modern suburb of The Gap was commissioned. Water was supplied to the town from the dam through a wrought iron pipe system, commencing with a 20-inch (approximately 500 mm) main pipe travelling via modern suburbs The Gap, Ashgrove, Bardon and Milton, and ultimately via 6 inch (approximately 150 mm) distribution pipes in the town centre.</p><br>
<p>The Municipality of Brisbane, which was proclaimed on 7 September 1859, covered an area of ridges and swamps that could not be drained. The rainfall runoff found its way naturally to the swamps and then via a series of lagoons and swamps to the river. High spring tides however caused much of the surrounding land to be impassable in wet weather. This meant that ensuring good water supply and drainage were the most urgent jobs for the new council.</p><br>
<p>Before the 1840s simple surface drains or covered drains were used in towns. Surface drains carried off surface water by making the road section higher in the centre than at the sides. The simplest form of covered drain was the box drain that had a broad flat bottom. These drains caused problems because it was common for the entire volume of the drain to be completely filled and blocked. Another type of covered drain was the circular or barrel drain. They were rarely used, as they were more expensive and less effective than box drains. With the development of the ovoid or "egg-shaped" drains there was a dramatic improvement in the effectiveness of drainage systems. John Phillips designed the first ovoid drain in the 1840s and advocated that in order to have proper drainage of towns, separate drainage systems should be used for stormwater and sewage. The ovoid drains concentrated the flow of the water to the bottom of the drain and therefore decreased the likelihood of silting and blockage. In the beginning, these drains were made of stone but by the 1870s they were mainly built of cheaper brick</p><br>
<p>The first drain in Brisbane was constructed in 1860 and was a stone ovoid drain that ran down Albert Street, from Elizabeth Street to the creek at Margaret Street. Although this drain was above ground level it had a very shallow grade.</p><br>
<p>On Thursday 24 January 1861 a tender was called for a culvert to enclose Wheat Creek under the road and box drains for water entry and exit to the design of new City Surveyor, Christopher Porter. H C Love&#39;s tender for the sum of £830 was accepted on the 4 February 1861.</p><br>
<p>In 1863 a brick drain, 18 inches in diameter, was laid from Edward Street to Eagle Street, but, prior to 1875, very little was done to provide Brisbane with a reliable water supply or an efficient drainage system. The Brisbane Drainage act of 1875 gave the Governor in Council the powers of the Municipal Council with respect to drainage and sewerage. The drainage and sewerage work was entrusted to the Department of Harbours and Rivers. William David Nisbet, Engineer for Harbours and Rivers, took charge of the design and construction of the city drainage. The primary concern was the creek downstream of the Albert Street and Adelaide Street intersection, which was then the only area developed.</p><br>
<p>An ovoid brick drain running down Adelaide Street between Albert to Creek Street was completed in March 1877. It joined the Brisbane tuff culvert and is still in use. The downstream 25-metre section of the drain was supported on timber piling. A branch culvert for drainage of private allotments between Queen and Adelaide streets, which consisted of an egg-shaped drain at a flat grade of 4 feet in a mile, was also built during this time (uncovered during construction of Queen&#39;s Plaza). Nisbet also designed a brick storm water drainage system that ran under Makerston Street and drained the Roma Street area to the Brisbane River. In other parts of the city various other culverts and drains were completed in 1877. Nisbet suggested that all the drains completed in 1877, in addition to those already in existence, should be kept exclusively for surface water.</p><br>
<p>In 2008, the culbert was dismantled as part of the construction of the Inner Northern Busway, and a section of it was reassembled as a feature in the new King George Square busway station. It was considered sufficiently degraded in heritage value that it was delisted from the Queensland Heritage Register as "destroyed" in June 2015.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Prior to being moved for the busway construction, the Brisbane tuff ovoid culvert, which has been covered by successive layers of fill, was located under the intersection of Albert and Adelaide Street. On the Brisbane City Council Bimap it was mapped as the Line 28 between sealed manholes 11 and 12.</p><br>
<p>The culvert is constructed of Brisbane Tuff, commonly known as porphyry and appears to be unaltered from its original design, which is shown on the Brisbane City Council Plan D-1-8 and is approximately 16 metres long, 1350 mm high and 1330mm wide. The Brisbane Tuff (porphyry) blocks of the culvert are hammer dressed blocks of between 500mm and 700mm in length, 150mm in height, and up to 400-500mm in depth. There are twenty-five of these blocks which comprise the culvert.</p><br>
<p>Two inlet drains entered the culvert from Albert Street in its original location. The first drain is approximately square and measures 450mm x 450mm and the second is a box drain that measures 800mm x 500mm. An ovoid brick drain running the length of Adelaide Street from Albert to Creek Street joins the culvert and carries the water to the Brisbane River. At the time of its heritage listing, it was reported that the sheer weight of the culvert appeared to hold the structure together as there was little mortar visible in the lower levels. There was however some patches of mortar visible between the blocks in the upper levels. At the western end there was some slurry build up on the floor from outside building projects but it is generally in good condition.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Wheat Creek Culvert was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 24 January 2003 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Wheat Creek culvert at the intersection of Albert and Adelaide Street is one of the earliest surviving examples of a civil engineering project that was administered by the then newly formed Brisbane Municipal Council. The culvert is still in use today as a storm water drain.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The Brisbane Tuff (porphyry) ovoid culvert is significant as a rare surviving example of a long Brisbane Tuff (porphyry) culvert in Queensland. The culvert is also rare as stone ovoid drains were only constructed in the early 1860s. By the 1870s drains were constructed mainly of cheaper brick.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>With further research the culvert has the potential to contribute to an understanding of the development of Brisbane&#39;s drainage system.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>As the culvert appears to be in good condition and unaltered from its original design it is a good example of a Brisbane Tuff (porphyry) ovoid culvert from the 1860s.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating a high degree of creative or technical achievement at a particular period.</p><br>
<p>The Brisbane Tuff (porphyry) ovoid culvert is significant as part of the storm water drainage system of the 1860s and 70s that showed great technical achievement. With the development of the ovoid drains there was a dramatic improvement in the effectiveness of drainage systems.</p><br>
<p>Rosalie Community Kindergarten and Preschool is a heritage-listed kindergarten at 57 Elizabeth Street, Paddington , City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Arnold Edward Brooks and built in 1935 by Ralph Alexander Lind. It is also known as Rosalie Kindergarten and The Little Citizens Free Kindergarten. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 27 September 2002.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Rosalie Community Kindergarten and Preschool is a two-storey timber building that was built in 1935 for the Crèche and Kindergarten Association to the design of Arnold Edward Brooks.</p><br>
<p>The development of kindergartens was an outcome of a movement that developed in the Western world in the late 19th century in response to new knowledge about the role of diet, hygiene and exercise in the health of children. The Infant Welfare movement in Australia began around 1904 and aimed both to improve the health of children and to educate their mothers. In the early 20th century, approaches to running a household and bringing up children became more "scientific" and this was reflected in the design of buildings, domestic science classes in schools and specialized training for early childhood teachers. The new direction in rearing children was towards active play and planned nutrition within a light, clean and airy environment, a very different approach to the structures of a Victorian childhood.</p><br>
<p>The Crèche and Kindergarten Association of Queensland was formed in 1907 as a function of the Institute of Social Services in Fortitude Valley. A second branch was established in January 1911 and was called the Ithaca Crèche and Kindergarten. They cared for babies and children up to five years of age in two cottages at Herbert Street, Rosalie (now Paddington). The earliest childcare building in Brisbane, probably in Queensland, was Paddington Kindergarten, which was built in Charlotte Street in 1916 and included a crèche from 1917. The Ithaca crèche then closed, but the kindergarten remained in operation after lobbying by parents.</p><br>
<p>In 1922 the Maternity Act provided for the establishment of maternity hospitals and baby clinics in Queensland to improve the health of mothers and children. This was a Labor government initiative as fostering a healthy population and boosting the birthrate was thought to be essential to the development of the state. Funds from the proceeds of the Golden Casket Lottery were used to implement this. The Golden Casket lottery was introduced in 1916, initially to assist the Australian Soldiers&#39; Repatriation Fund and Anzac Cottages Scheme. In 1920, the operation of the lottery was taken over by the Queensland Government and the main recipient of proceeds became the Motherhood, Child Welfare and Hospital Fund.</p><br>
<p>The Crèche and Kindergarten Association had leased various premises in the 1920s and in 1933; a Mother&#39;s Club was formed to raise funds for a permanent building. By 1934 they had raised £150. They also ran a street carnival at Roma Street for two months, which raised £791/18/4. The association approached Ned Hanlon, the Home Secretary and husband of the Rosalie committee chairwoman, who promised assistance. This took the form of a government subsidy for the construction of a new kindergarten on a pound for pound basis from Golden Casket funds. The Home Department also provided £600 to buy land. In 1935, this site on the corner of Elizabeth and Nash Streets was purchased for the construction of a kindergarten. Even with the subsidy, the amount collected fell short of the cost and a government loan of £946/8/5 was provided to bridge the gap.</p><br>
<p>Arnold Brooks, architect for the Canberra Hotel and for various social welfare facilities, designed the new building. Brooks had worked in the offices of a number of distinguished architectural firms. Between 1888 and 1892 he was articled to Oakden, Addison and Kemp, remaining with their office as an assistant until 1901, when he joined the Telegraph newspaper. In 1908 he became an assistant to architect James Percy Owen Cowlishaw and then chief assistant at the architectural firm of Hall and Dods, acting as manager when Robin Dods moved to Sydney in 1913. Brooks was a correspondent on architectural matters for various journals and served on planning and Ideal Home committees. He was appointed architect to Brisbane Grammar School in 1921 and in 1922 established his own practice. In 1929 he designed what was his best-known building (now demolished), the Canberra Hotel. In 1929 he also became associate architect for the Queensland Crèche and Kindergarten Association. In 1935 he assumed the same role for the Queensland Society for Crippled Children.</p><br>
<p>On 1 April 1935, R A Lind & Sons of Manly began building the kindergarten at a cost of £3791.</p><br>
<p>Rosalie Kindergarten was involved in the practical training of early childhood teachers since the inception of the Brisbane Kindergarten Training College in 1911. In 1940, it was one of two branch kindergartens that undertook a trial of the Nursery School program, teaching children between 2 and five years old. The Kindergarten Director, Miss Edna Hill, went to Melbourne for a years training in this program at the Melbourne Kindergarten Teachers College.</p><br>
<p>Because it was originally a function of the Social Services Dept, the work of the kindergarten was aligned to the social needs of the area, caring for large groups of children for up to five days a week, providing hot meals mid-day and opening for hours that allowed mothers to work. During the Depression the hours were extended to allow mothers to maximize any available income. In 1942 although kindergartens in Brisbane were closed for a time they soon reopened as they made it possible for mothers to contribute to war work.</p><br>
<p>The Kindergarten is still operating as a childcare facility and the suitability of its design for this purpose is demonstrated by the very minor nature of modifications made to the fabric since its inception.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Rosalie Community Kindergarten and Preschool is situated on a triangular site with elevations to Elizabeth and Nash Streets, Rosalie. It is constructed of hardwood weatherboards slightly bellcast over the supporting brick piers and has a central two-storey section flanked by single storey pavilions.</p><br>
<p>The terracotta tiled roof is complex in form and the most striking feature of the main, Elizabeth Street elevation, is two storey porch forming an entrance on the ground floor and a small balcony above. Multiple-paned sash windows echo the Georgian influence displayed in the symmetrical pavilion form.</p><br>
<p>The building is divided into public, private and services zones. The upper storey of the central section is reached by a timber staircase and contains a flat, originally the caretaker&#39;s residence, complete with laundry and bathroom with original fittings. This floor is currently used for storage.</p><br>
<p>The ground floor contains the entry and service areas that are divided from the main teaching and play zones by a waiting area. The teaching area is large and airy and can be divided by folding doors. The toilet rooms are situated at each end of the building and contain early timber partitions and cabinets. A wide verandah flanks two sides of the playrooms and has timber balustrades with metal diamond mesh above. Stairs from the verandah lead down to a play area beneath the building.</p><br>
<p>The interior is lined with boards to dado height with fibrous cement sheeting above. The rooms are ceiled with fibrous cement sheeting and timber battens. The building contains some fine detailing including mitred corners and bellcast bases to the weatherboard walls and well-executed timber balustrading and details to the verandahs. Such details as fittings and door furniture are preserved and reflect the quality of design and construction in this building.</p><br>
<p>On the Nash Street side of the building is a playground with mature trees.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Rosalie Community Kindergarten and Preschool was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 27 September 2002 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Rosalie Community Kindergarten and Preschool is important in illustrating the growth of the Infant Welfare movement and changing attitudes to health, education and child care in Queensland during the early 20th century. The size and quality of the building demonstrates the commitment of the Labor government of the period to initiatives promoting maternal and child welfare as part of the development of the state. The contemporary ideals of light, space and airiness for children&#39;s facilities are well expressed in the design of the building.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The Rosalie Community Kindergarten and Preschool is rare in Queensland as a purpose built kindergarten built before World War II.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>It demonstrates the distinct function and design of a purpose built kindergarten of the era and was considered to be particularly well-designed example when it was built. The suitability of its design for this purpose is demonstrated by the minor nature of modifications made to the fabric since its inception, resulting in a high degree of intactness.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The kindergarten building has aesthetic significance as a well executed building in the Georgian revival style with references to the Queensland vernacular. It is a local landmark.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The Rosalie Community Kindergarten and Preschool has an association with the local community over several generations as a community service providing education and recreation for children, training for early childhood teachers and assistance for mothers.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Rosalie Community Kindergarten and Preschool is an important example of the work of architect Arnold E Brooks who was considered to be an innovative designer of child and aged care facilities.</p><br>
<p>Turrawan is a heritage-listed detached house at 8 London Road, Clayfield, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Robin Dods and built from 1906 onwards. It is also known as Turrawan Private Hospital and Clayfield House. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 24 September 2004.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Turrawan was constructed in 1906 as a combined residence and surgery for Dr Arthur Charles Frederick Halford.</p><br>
<p>Robert Smith (Robin) Dods (1868-1920) was born in New Zealand. After living in Scotland in the early 1870s, the family moved to Brisbane after his fathers death. From the age of 11 he lived with his mother and stepfather, Dr Charles Ferdinand Marks, on Wickham Terrace. In 1886, he returned to Scotland to study architecture, where he was articled with Hay and Henderson in Edinburgh. Completing his articles, Dods moved to London in 1890, where he worked for a number of architects, including the prestigious firm of Aston Webb and Ingress Bell. Dods training in London placed him amongst the third generation of Arts and Crafts-based architects, contemporary with Edwin Lutyens, Charles Rennie Mackintosh and Frank Lloyd Wright. Central to his philosophy was a belief in developing a new architecture based on regional tradition, clearly expressed in his subsequent domestic work in Brisbane.</p><br>
<p>In 1894 he returned to Brisbane for a years visit, during which time he and architect Francis Hall submitted a successful competition entry for the nurses home at the Brisbane Hospital. He returned to London, but came back to Brisbane in August 1896 to set up in partnership as Hall and Dods. Within the partnership, Dods was responsible for most of the design, while Hall concentrated on management. The practice was the most influential source of modern design in Brisbane, producing a wide range of accomplished buildings and was credited with achieving an "architectural revolution in Brisbane." Dods was able to integrate contemporary British design philosophies with the traditions of Queensland housing and the requirements of a subtropical climate, producing practical and attractive houses that were finely detailed and widely copied. The partnership was sustained until 1913, when Dods left to practice in Sydney. Soon after his move to Sydney World War I virtually stopped all building and Dods died prematurely in 1920.</p><br>
<p>In 1905 Arthur Charles Frederick Halford, a doctor, purchased just under an acre of land comprising re-subdivisions 1-4 and 98-101 of subdivision 3 of portion 79 at the corner of Sandgate Road and London Road. Tenders were let for the construction of a house for him, to the design of Robin Dods, in August 1905. The builder is thought to have been Hall and Mayer and the house cost £1382.92 to complete. Comprising a residence and surgery, the building originally faced Sandgate Road, with the entrance to the residential section accessed from this road and the surgery accessed from London Road. Tennis courts were constructed behind the house. It was at the time the only building between Wagner and London Roads.</p><br>
<p>It was not uncommon in the late 19th and early 20th centuries for doctors to have a surgery in their home. A number of small private hospitals were also run from houses, particularly for maternity cases. An Arthur Halford is registered as an obstetrician in this period. Other houses in the area were used as residence/surgeries at different times. It was a form that Dods was familiar with as his stepfather and brother were doctors and Dods designed a surgery/residence for his brother on Wickham Terrace (now known as Ritas at Dods House Restaurant).</p><br>
<p>In 1906, Dr Halford was living at "Turrawan", though by 1915 he was also practicing from 157 Wickham Terrace. In 1910 a trust was set up for the property with trustees Arthur Halford and Union Trustees. In 1923 the trustees for the property became Arthur Halford, his wife Nora and daughter Nora Millar. In 1922 the 1,500 seat Savoy Picture Theatre was constructed next to the house on Sandgate Road.</p><br>
<p>Dr Halford is thought to have lived and worked from "Turrawan" until 1920, when a lease was let to Alexander Murray for five years. In 1926 the Post Office Directory lists a Dr Neville Sutton as the occupant, using London Road as his preferred address.</p><br>
<p>Mrs Halford died in 1932 and in 1935 resubs 98, 99 and 100 in London Road were sold and houses were built on them. Part of this land appears to have included a portion of the "Turrawan" tennis court. At an unknown date "Turrawan" was rotated on the site to face London Road and now also occupies a part of the former site of its tennis court.</p><br>
<p>Nora Millar Halford married Harold Love in 1936 and in 1945 Dr Halford died. In the following year, the property was transferred to Savoy Pictures Pty Limited.</p><br>
<p>In 1960 the property was resurveyed and subdivided into two blocks and an easement. The realignment of the boundary between lots one and two suggests that the house was already in its current position at that time. In 1961, BP Australia purchased Lot 1, the block on the corner of Clayfield and London Roads and constructed a service station on it. This closed down in the early 1980s and a garden nursery now occupies its site.</p><br>
<p>In 1984 Lot 2 was sold to Rodney and Colleen Abbott and was a boarding house when purchased by the current owner in 1988. Since then it has operated under the name "Clayfield House", providing supported accommodation.</p><br>
<p>A small addition containing a bathroom has made to the rear of the house and some internal walls have been removed or altered. Although the chimneys are no longer present, presumably having been lost when the house was rotated, a tiered corner fireplace remains in the former dining room.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Turrawan is located on a sloping block, supported by high concrete stumps at the eastern end and a brick retaining wall to London Road. It is a single storey building constructed of timber with a typical Dods steeply pitched hipped roof clad with corrugated iron sheeting.</p><br>
<p>It has two projecting bays facing London Road; the eastern bay contains the main, and former private, entrance. This is accessed by a shallow set of stairs approaching a porch constructed of substantial timber beams in the Arts and Crafts style. The phrase EAST WEST ?? HAME&#39;S BEST is carved into the beam across the entrance.</p><br>
<p>The remainder of the front elevation comprises a central verandah, which is now enclosed with the balustrades intact and sheeted over, and a protruding bay on the western end. The eastern elevation also comprises an enclosed verandah with intact balustrades and the location of the separate surgery access is evident, although the stairs to this have been removed. Verandah detailing consists of simple and elegant timber brackets and balustrades typical of Dod&#39;s style.</p><br>
<p>The interior is lined with vertical tongue and groove boards and has timber floors and ceilings. The joinery is well detailed and includes such features as cupboards, multiple paned double-hung and French windows, a bay window and a walk through sash window opening on to the verandah.</p><br>
<p>Although a few internal walls have been removed and some added, and rooms have been built into the verandah, the general form of the house has altered little. The original plan, separating residential and medical areas, can still be read and most rooms remain substantially intact.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Turrawan was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 24 September 2004 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Turrawan is important in terms of Queensland&#39;s architectural history and in the development of the Queensland house. It was designed by the influential partnership of Hall & Dods in 1906.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>Turrawan is uncommon as an early example of a purpose designed doctor&#39;s surgery and residence and also as an example of Dods domestic work. Although he designed many houses, few, particularly of the size and quality of Turrawan, survive. Although some alterations have been made to the house, it retains much of the original layout and detail illustrating characteristics of his work.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Turrawan is situated in an area where many fine homes, including others by Dods, were built and illustrates the development of Clayfield as a prestigious residential area. Turrawan, as a purpose designed surgery/residence, then private hospital illustrates the development of medical practice in Brisbane. Turrawan demonstrates the principal features of a doctor&#39;s residence and surgery with separate entrances and a room layout that separates the practice rooms from the residential areas of the building.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>It has aesthetic significance as a substantial and well-designed dwelling and is important for its association with the life and work of RS (Robin) Dods, an innovative and influential architect who made a major contribution to the development of housing design in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Robert Smith (Robin) Dods is noted for the introduction of ideas on architectural design then current in the United Kingdom and integrating them with traditional Queensland forms and materials. His designs subsequently influenced Australian architecture.</p><br>
<p>Windsor Town Quarry Park and Tramways Substation No. 6 is a heritage-listed former quarry with electrical substation at 356 Lutwyche Road, Windsor in the City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was built from to. The park and substation were added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 31 May 2005. There is another, larger substation building, Tramways Substation No. 13 which was designed by Frank Gibson Costello and became operational in June 1949.</p><br>
<h2>The Quarry History</h2><br>
<p>A seam of Brisbane tuff, known locally as "porphyry", forms part of the Enoggera fault line and was formed by being deposited on the shore and in the shallow waters of small Triassic lakes. This stone was found to be suitable for building in the early stages of European settlement in Queensland. The original hill of the Windsor quarry sloped across Lutwyche Road and down to Albion Road. Nehemiah Bartley acquired the land in the first land sales in 1859, though he sold it in the mid 1860s. Stone was probably removed first in the 1860s as the hill was lowered to allow development of a road, though in the 1870s it still formed a hump in the road and vehicles tended to drive around it.</p><br>
<p>The Ithaca Divisional Board was formed in 1879 and quarried stone from the hill. In 1887 Windsor became a Shire and the quarry was transferred to it in 1888. The local tuff provided an excellent source of building material for the new Shire and districts beyond and was worked by both private enterprise and the town council. In 1897, the Windsor Town Council Chambers was constructed from the stone, as were a number of local buildings, roadside kerbing and drains. The stonemason&#39;s office stood near the corner of Haddock Street at the base of the hill.</p><br>
<p>In 1904 Windsor became a municipality comprising Albion, Wooloowin, Wilston, Lutwyche, Newmarket, Swan Hill and part of Eagle Junction and Kedron. A stone crushing plant was constructed at the quarry in 1914 and the road metal produced greatly facilitated road development in the area. By the 1920s the quarry is thought to have been largely worked out and quarrying may not have continued beyond the establishment of the substation in 1927.</p><br>
<p>The Brisbane City Council works department used the quarry floor as a depot for some years before it was redeveloped as a park. It was gazetted for this purpose on 1 August 1976 and was redeveloped as a park in 1988. The quarry face that remains today displays an unconformity between the metamorphic Neranleigh-Fernvale beds of rock and the Brisbane tuff seam and is a striking feature of the park.</p><br>
<h2>The Substation History</h2><br>
<p>The former Brisbane City Council Tramways Substation no 6 was operational between 1927 and 1948 and is situated adjacent to an open parkland area created from a former quarry at Windsor.</p><br>
<h3>The Tramways Power Network</h3><br>
<p>The Metropolitan Tramway and Investment Co. Ltd operated horse-drawn trams in Brisbane from August 1885. The first public supply of electricity in Brisbane was from a generator in Edison Lane, which supplied the General Post Office in 1888. Early development in the industry was in the hands of a number of private companies and the situation was complex because the metropolitan area comprised fourteen separate local authorities. After various liquidations and restructurings, the City Electric Light Company Limited (CEL) was established in 1904. Parallel development took place in electric traction. The Brisbane Tramways Company, a private enterprise formed in 1895, introduced the first electric trams to Brisbane in 1897 after purchasing the early horse car system, converting it to electric operation and expanding and extending the routes. A power station to supply current to the electric trams was constructed in Countess Street in 1897.</p><br>
<p>As the tramway system extended out into the suburbs, this power station was unable to provide all the energy needed. Two engine sets from Countess Street were transferred to a building in Logan Road to provide a feeding point for the system on the south side of the river. Supply was also fed from the tramway 550-volt DC mains to a number of establishments along the tramway routes, such as butcher shops, sawmills and factories. By 1918, the whole of the tramways public power supply equipment in South Brisbane was sold to the City Electric Light Company, which developed a supply for South Brisbane from its power station in William Street. At the conclusion of the First World War there was general support for the notion that the tramway system should be owned and operated by a public authority. In 1922, an Act of Parliament inaugurated the Brisbane Tramway Trust.</p><br>
<p>In 1925 the many small local authorities were amalgamated into the Greater Brisbane City Council, creating a single public authority that could plan for the provision of electrical services throughout the entire city. Expansion of electricity supply and the development of better public transport networks were important issues for the Council and were closely linked to suburban development. At this time energy generation and supply was chaotic. Three small obsolete power stations generated energy for trams and electricity for Ithaca and Toowong and the supply for all other suburbs was purchased in bulk from CEL under 10 year agreements.</p><br>
<p>The 1920s and 1930s was a period of tramways expansion following the Greater Brisbane Councils acquisition of the tramways system from the Brisbane Tramways Trust in 1925. In 1926 the Council, anxious to control the citys electricity supply, decided to build its own powerhouse at New Farm, under the supervision of the BCC Tramways Department. Opened on 28 June 1928, New Farm Power Station distributed 1100 KW AC power to a network of 10 suburban tramways substations erected in the 1920s and 1930s.</p><br>
<h3>The Tramways Substations (1927-1940)</h3><br>
<p>The substations were located at strategic points throughout the system - substations No. 2 (Russell Street) and No. 6 (Windsor) came into service in 1927, No. 4 (Petrie Terrace) and No. 5 (Newstead) in 1928; Substation No. 9 (Norman Park) came on line in 1935.</p><br>
<p>Prior to 1940, their design was the responsibility of BCC Tramways Department architect and construction engineer, Roy Rusden Ogg. In conjunction with the tramway&#39;s chief engineers Nelson and Arundell, he designed 10 Brisbane substations between 1926 and 1936 and the first two stages of the New Farm powerhouse.</p><br>
<p>Dates sourced from Brisbane City Council Archives</p><br>
<p>Considerable attention was given to the design of the substations serving the tramway system. The architecture was marked by the stylistic preferences of the individual architects, the Brisbane City Tramways architect Roy Rusden Ogg and later City Architect Frank Gibson Costello. Although they were robust utility buildings, generally small in scale, elegant proportions and such details as finely crafted brickwork distinguished them.</p><br>
<h3>The Tramways Substation No.6 (Windsor - Old)</h3><br>
<p>The former Brisbane City Council Tramways Substation at Windsor is the smallest of the substations designed by Ogg. Ogg also designed the Tramways Departments Head Office building on Coronation Drive in 1929.</p><br>
<p>It proved too small to accommodate the requirements of the expanding network and was replaced in 1948 by a larger substation to the design of City Architect Frank Gibson Costello, Tramways Substation No. 13 located to the south of the reserve.</p><br>
<p>After its decommissioning the building was used as a chemical store for the Department of Health and Community Services Entomological and Rodent Control Section and now accommodates an assortment of equipment and chemicals. Material related to its use as a substation was donated to Windsor and District Historical Society. The roof was re-sheeted in 1985 and new rainwater goods installed. Landscaping has been carried out around the building.</p><br>
<h3>The Tramways Substation No.13 (Windsor - New)</h3><br>
<p>Tramways Substation No. 13 which was designed by Frank Gibson Costello and became operational in June 1949, and appears to also be within the Windsor Town Quarry Park, but is on separate lot, which is an electricity reserve managed by Energex.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former Brisbane City Council Tramway Substation No. 6 and Windsor Town Quarry Park occupy an irregular block that is part of an island of land, bounded by Goodacre and Flaherty Streets and Lutwyche Road, that also contains the former Windsor Shire Council Chambers, the Hawkins Street road reserve and a former Energex substation on separate lots.</p><br>
<p>The quarry face to the western side dominates the park. This sheer rock wall is topped by a brilliant splash of bougainvillea, which adds to its landmark qualities. It rises abruptly from a level grassed area. A path runs throughs the park on a north–south axis. Recently constructed sandstone clad gateposts mark the entrance from Lutwyche Road. Bedded out plantings edge the park along Lutwyche Road and there are also plantings of ornamental trees scattered about the park.</p><br>
<p>There is a small, asphalted car park to the south and the former tramways substation is at the northern end of the park close to Lutwyche Road. It is a two-storey building of austere appearance, symmetrical in form, and has load-bearing walls of red glazed bricks set on a concrete plinth. The roof is hipped and is clad with modern coated metal sheeting. The front of the building is divided into bays by brick pilasters and has a decorative cornice of moulded render with small square openings set below wide eaves. The front entrance is placed centrally below a square window set with multiple panes of glass. There are fixed rectangular windows of similar style in the flanking bays and on the sides of the substation. These windows are steel framed and have exterior mesh security grilles. The doors to the front and side of the building have metal roller shutters. There is a later addition in the form of a single story skillion roofed section to the rear to which a brick toilet has been added.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the substation is painted and the ceilings are clad in fibrous cement sheeting with timber battens. The floors are concrete and there is a suspended mezzanine floor accessed by a steel ladder. The internal space is divided by a brick wall, which has a doorway at the northern end and an opening adjacent to the site of the rectifier at the southern end. Marks on the rear section show where the AC and DC cubicles have been removed.</p><br>
<p>The steel gantry survives and appears to be functional. Any remaining evidence for machinery mountings on the floor are obscured by timber flooring in the transformer room and material stored in the rectifier room. Marks and fixings on walls indicated where equipment was once attached.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>BCC Tramways Substation No. 6 and Windsor Town Quarry Park (former) was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 31 May 2005 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The former tramway substation is important in demonstrating a vital aspect of Queenslands industrial development and is closely linked to Brisbanes suburban expansion in the 1920s and 30s and with the development of the electricity supply system. The exposed face of the former quarry, now the main feature of the park between the substation and Windsor Shire Council Chambers, is evidence for the former industrial use of the site as a source of stone for buildings and road construction.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The former substation is now uncommon evidence for an important mode of transport, which was discontinued in Brisbane in 1969 and for which much of the infrastructure has since been removed. The quarry wall has an inclined fault where Brisbane tuff meets phyllite, which is significant as a geological rarity.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>In design, scale and materials, the former substation is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of the Brisbane tramways substations. Due to the quality of its design and materials it successfully combines function with a pleasing appearance.</p><br>
<p>As a well-conceived utility structure, the substation is important as a fine example of the municipal work of tramways architect Roy Rusden Ogg.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>As the substation and the adjoining park with its landmark quarry cliff are prominently sited on a major road, they make an important contribution to the visual character of the area. The quarry face, in particular, is a landmark that is emphasised by being floodlit at night.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>As a well-conceived utility structure, the substation is important as a fine example of the municipal work of tramways architect Roy Rusden Ogg.</p><br>
<p>The Missouri Pacific Depot in Earle, Arkansas, is located south of Main Street and west of Commerce Street, on the north side of the Missouri-Pacific Railroad tracks in the center of town. Completed in 1922, this brick single-story depot exhibits architectural features common to those built by the railroad in that period, with extended eaves supported by large brackets. The station was designed to support passenger and small freight traffic, and served the railroad until 1969.</p><br>
<p>The depot was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<h2>Crittenden County Museum</h2><br>
<p>Since October 1987 the railroad depot houses the Crittenden County Museum. Exhibits of the museum include cotton farming, broom-making, early settlements and history of Crittenden County, schools and doctors. The art exhibit includes works by nationally acclaimed Arkansas Delta artist and Earle native son, Carroll Cloar.</p><br>
<p>The Osburger Hochwald  lies southeast of the Osburger Hunsrück and has an area of 75 square kilometres. Together with the Schwarzwalder Hochwald, it forms the Hochwald or "upland forest" of the Hunsrück, the southwestern part of the Rhenish Massif in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate. The area belongs to the Saar-Hunsrück Nature Park. Northeast of the Hochwald are the Idar Forest and Soonwald.</p><br>
<p>At the foot of the Rösterkopf rises the River Ruwer, a right tributary of the Moselle.</p><br>
<p>The watershed between the Moselle (Feller Bach and Ruwer) and the Saar (Wadrill/Prims) runs through the Osburger Hochwald. The B 52 federal road and A 1 motorway, as well as several local, county and state roads, run through the forest. There are rescue points for the emergency services at various prominent places in the forest.</p><br>
<p>The Hohwäller dialect of the area is part of the Moselle Franconian dialect group.</p><br>
<p>The Hall House is a historic house at 10 Kilborn Street in Bethel, Maine. Built in 1910 by Dana and Alfaretta Hall, this house is a rare and distinctive local example of Craftsman style, especially in consideration of its setting in a small Maine town. Although it is predominantly Craftsman in style, it structurally harkens to the traditional connected farmsteads of rural New England. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Little is known about the Hall family and their reasons for building this house. Apparently it was built to serve as either a retirement home or as an "in-town" house for the Halls, who were known to farm elsewhere in the county. The house was built over a three-month period in the summer of 1910.</p><br>
<p>The house is a wood frame structure 1-1/2 stories in height, clad in shingles, with a hipped standing seam metal roof, and resting on a foundation of stone and stone-faced concrete. The main block of the house is connected to a similarly-styled carriage house via a single-story hyphen which is fronted by a porch, reminiscent of typical New England connected farmsteads. Its main (south-facing) facade is three bays wide, with a slightly-projecting tower-like section in the right bay, which has its own low-pitch pyramidal roof, The center section has a sash window, and the left bay has a recessed porch providing access to the entrance. A hip-roof dormer projects from the roof above the main facade. A porch on the east side wraps around to the north side of the house, separated from the tower projection by a fieldstone chimney. A rectangular projection intrudes on the porch, topped by a gable dormer.</p><br>
<p>The carriage house has a similar low-pitch hip roof to that found on the main house, with a gable end above the barn-style door that is centered on the southern facade. The roof is topped by a square cupola with small windows on each side, and its own pyramidal roof. The front gable provides space for a hay door above the main entrance.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the house is finished in plaster and trimmed in varnished pine. The kitchen has original cabinetry, and there is a builtin buffet in the dining room and a bookcase in the living room. The interior of the tower projection provides a small light-filled sitting area.</p><br>
<p>The Ellerspring, at, is the highest point of the Soonwald, a part of the Hunsrück mountains in the German Central Uplands. It is situated near Winterbach in the county of Bad Kreuznach in the state of Rhineland-Palatinate</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<h3>Location</h3><br>
<p>The Ellerspring lies in the northwest of the county of Bad Kreuznach roughly in the centre of the Soonwald-Nahe Nature Park. It rises within the parish of Winterbach, whose village church stands some 4.6 km south-southeast of the summit. About 1 km to the northwest of the summit in the valley of the Gräfenbach, which initially flows southwest, and that of the Lametbach, which begins by heading northeast, is the boundary with the county of Rhein-Hunsrück-Kreis, in which are located the villages of Argenthal (to the north), Riesweiler and Tiefenbach (to the northwest) and Sargenroth and Mengerschied (to the west). Not far from the mountain, in the county of Bad Kreuznach, lie the villages of Spabrücken and Münchwald (to the east), Gebroth (to the southeast) and Winterbach and Ippenschied (to the south-southeast). About 2 km (as the crow flies) south-southwest of the summit at a height of about rises the Nahe tributary of Ellerbach, after which the mountain is named. Roughly northeast of the summit is the Ödesborner Höhe and, beyond that, the Hölzenkopf. Forming a spur to the south-southeastern is the Odstein and, to the east, the Steineberg.</p><br>
<h3>Natural regions</h3><br>
<p>The Ellerspring belongs to the natural regional major unit group of Hunsrück (No. 24), in the major unit of Soonwald (240) and the sub-unit of Großer Soon (240.1) to the eponymous natural region of Großer Soon (240.11).</p><br>
<p>The Fort Collins Municipal Railway Car No. 22 is a streetcar listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places. Since 1995, the car has been located in Colorado Springs, Colorado.</p><br>
<p>The car was built for use in Fort Collins, Colorado, by the American Car Company of St. Louis in 1919 and was used until 1951, when the streetcar service in Fort Collins was abandoned. It is a type of streetcar known as a Birney "Safety Car". The Rocky Mountain Railroad Club purchased it in 1953 and moved it to Denver. After five years in storage, car 22 was moved to the Colorado Railroad Museum in 1958 and put on display there.</p><br>
<p>In 1994, the Rocky Mountain Railroad Club began leasing No. 22 to the Pikes Peak Historical Street Railway Foundation (PPHSRF), in Colorado Springs, and the car was moved there in 1995. When the 10-year lease expired, the Rocky Mountain Railroad Club agreed to sell the streetcar to the PPHSRF, which has a short section of operational streetcar line. In 2007, PPHSRF, now doing business under the name of the former Colorado Springs & Interurban Railway (CS&IR), changed No. 22&#39;s current identity by giving it a new paint scheme and renumbering it as CS&IR No. 135.</p><br>
<p>Car 135, ex-Fort Collins 22, is one of two preserved Fort Collins streetcars listed on the National Register. The other is Fort Collins Municipal Railway Birney Safety Streetcar No. 21.</p><br>
<p>A third Birney-type streetcar listed on the National Register is Birney Safety Streetcar No. 224, in Fort Smith, Arkansas.</p><br>
<p>The Womrather Höhe is a hill, and the highest peak in the Lützelsoon hills, part of the Hunsrück mountains of Germany&#39;s Central Uplands. It is located in the counties of Rhein-Hunsrück-Kreis and Bad Kreuznach in the state of Rhineland-Palatinate.</p><br>
<p>The forested hill lies on the boundary between Schlierschied (Rhein-Hunsrück-Kreis) to the northwest and Kellenbach (Bad Kreuznach) to the southeast. It was named after the Hunsrück parish of Womrath, 7 kilometres to the north, which owned 3 plots of land in the parish of Schlierschied below the Womrather Höhe until the major exchange of forest estates in the region in 1966.</p><br>
<p>Views over the Lützelsoon hills and their surrounding area are possible at the observation tower known as Langer Heinrich on the Teufelsfels around 2 kilometres to the southwest.</p><br>
<p>Winston-Salem Tobacco Historic District is a national historic district located at Winston-Salem, Forsyth County, North Carolina. The district encompasses 16 contributing buildings and 16 contributing structures in a predominantly industrial section of Winston-Salem. The buildings date from about 1890 to 1959, and include buildings relating to the tobacco industry, specifically R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company. Also on the district are a once-thriving African American and the wholesale commercial business district that once catered to the R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company workers. Located in the district is the separately listed Romanesque Revival style S. J. Nissen Building and Piedmont Leaf Tobacco Company.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009.</p><br>
<p>The Chitina Tin Shop, also known as Freds Place and Schaupps, is a historic retail building on Main Street in Chitina, Alaska. It is a wood frame structure, two stories in height, with a flat-topped false front in front of a gable roof. The building is 17 ft wide and 33 ft deep. It was built in 1912 by Fred Schaupp, during Chitina&#39;s building boom following the arrival of the Copper River and Northwestern Railway. The building is one of only a few surviving tin shops  in the state. The first floor was occupied by the workshop, while living quarters were above. Following the closing of the railroad in 1938, the building has seen a variety of other uses. The building has been restored, and now houses an art gallery.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<p>Berger Park, officially Park #1255 of the Chicago Park District, is a small  recreational area bordering Lake Michigan in the Edgewater neighborhood of North Side, Chicago, Illinois. The park features the historic Downey House and Samuel H. Gunder houses.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Edgewater was a suburb of Chicago, relatively rural until John Lewis Cochran developed land for lakefront homes in 1885. Four years later, the town was annexed by Chicago. Cochran prohibited the construction of apartment buildings along Sheridan Road, and this plan was continued until the 1940s. The two houses in Berger Park were part of Cochran&#39;s Second Addition to Edgewater.</p><br>
<p>The Downey House, now known as the South Mansion, was built for Joseph Downey. Downey was an Irish immigrant who was a partner in a contracting firm. He became a prominent businessman, serving as the chairman of the Buildings and Grounds Commission, on behalf of the Chicago Board of Education, and as a member of the Chicago Association of Commerce. During George Bell Swifts mayorship from 1895 to 1897, Downey was the Commissioner of Buildings and of Public Works. Swifts successor, Carter Harrison, Jr., named him to the Board of Education. He married Lena Kleine in 1885 and the pair commissioned William Carbys Zimmerman to design a house in 1906 for $20,000. Downey retired in 1911, and by 1920, they had left the house.</p><br>
<p>The Gunder House, officially the North Lakeside Cultural Center, was built for Samuel Gunder. Gunder was the president of the Pozzinni Pharmaceutical Company. He married Nettie E. Weaver in 1884 and commissioned this building in 1909. Myron Church designed the house, which wsa completed the following year. The Gunders sold the house in 1919 and moved to Los Angeles, California.</p><br>
<p>During the Great Depression, the Chicago Bureau of Parks and Recreation sought to add beachfront land on the north side of the city. Edgewater residents were interested in beach activities, but lived too far from Lincoln Park. The bureau acquired the properties and named it Granville Beach and Park after nearby Granville Avenue. Residents still lived in the two houses until the Viatorian Fathers acquired them in the 1940s.</p><br>
<p>The Clerics of St. Viator used the buildings to house student priests. In 1945, they converted the two coach houses into additional residences. The order sold the rights to the beachfront land to the Chicago Park District in 1965 and moved out in 1979. The park district built a small playground along Granville Avenue in 1976. When the clerics moved out in 1979, developers sought to purchase the houses and demolish them for high-rise apartments, which now dominated the Edgewater lakefront. The Edgewater Community Council opposed this type of sale and convinced the park district to purchase the houses. The clerics agreed on the condition that the buildings be used for non-profit purposes. The sale was completed for $2.3 million, far less than the $6 million developers offered.</p><br>
<p>Following the acquisition, the park was renamed Berger park after Albert E. Berger, a proponent of the bureau&#39;s plan to acquire beachfront property. In 1982, the park district determined that the Gunder House was dilapidated beyond repair. The district agreed to delay demolition to give local residents to opportunity to raise funds for its rehabilitation. By 1987, enough money had been raised to save the structure, thanks in large part to a $216,000 contribution from the Community Development Block Grant. Ronald Berger, the son of Albert, made a matching donation.</p><br>
<p>The grounds were recognized by the National Park Service with a listing on the National Register of Historic Places on January 12, 2010.</p><br>
<h2>Present day</h2><br>
<p>Faced with an eroding shoreline, the park district commissioned the Army Corps of Engineers to design an embankment along the shoreline. Although this caused the loss of the remaining beach, it preserved the remaining parkland. The small playground was removed and a new 8,000 ft&sup2; playground was built on the north side of the Gunder House.</p><br>
<p>The Downey House is now called the South Mansion and functions as a recreational facility for the park. The Gunder house was converted to the North Lakeside Cultural Center, offering workshops and classes. Its coach house is now a café.</p><br>
<p>Acul Bay, also known as North Acul Bay, is a bay on the northern coast of Haiti north of the city of Acul-du-Nord and west of the city of Cap-Haïtien.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Acul Bay is open to the ocean on the North. It extends from the tip of Labadee to the East of Cape Balimbé West. Acul Bay gradually slopes and is nearly 5 km in length and 2 km in width, with a bottleneck in the middle of a width of about 500 m.</p><br>
<p>Out from the bay, many shoals emerge, forming numerous islets that are dangerous to navigation. Many shipwrecks dating back several centuries are stranded or lying at the bottom of the water. Among these islands, Rat Island was also named l&#39;île La Amiga (Friendly Island) by Christopher Columbus because he met Native Americans there.</p><br>
<p>Independence Park, officially Park #83 of the Chicago Park District, is a 7.16 acre recreational area in the Irving Park neighborhood of North Side, Chicago, Illinois.</p><br>
<p>First opened in 1914, the park has been the traditional location of Independence Day celebrations for Irving Park residents since 1903.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>19th century</h3><br>
<p>Irving Park was developed in the 1870s following a connection to the Chicago and North Western Railroad. Annexed to Chicago in 1889, the neighborhood boomed around the turn of the century. A number of civic groups, such as the Irving Park Improvement Club, the Irving Park Womens Club, and the Womens Relief Corps, the Irving Park Athletic Club, and the Irving Park Club, formed to meet the needs of residents.</p><br>
<h3>20th century</h3><br>
<p>In 1903, these groups collaborated to plan an Independence Day celebration, held in an open space near the intersection of Irving Park Boulevard and North Springfield Avenue. Activities included a parade, a reading of the Declaration of Independence, singing, and sporting events. Fireworks became part of the celebration in 1907.</p><br>
<p>In March 1910, Irving Park residences filed a petition with Mayor of Chicago Fred A. Busse to request an independent park district. Busse forwarded the matter to the Special Park Commission, who recommended that the community form an independent district. At a meeting on April 12, 1910, the Irving Park District was established and five commission members were elected. In August 1911, the commission purchased the Independence Day celebration grounds and an adjacent property, a total of 5 acres.</p><br>
<p>In 1913, the district commissioned architects Clarence Hatzfield and Arthur Howell Knox to design a field house. The two architects had previously worked under Dwight H. Perkins, the school architect of Chicago. As a middle-to-upper-class neighborhood, Irving Park residents wanted the park to resemble a country club. As a result, the field house was designed to include an indoor swimming pool, ballroom, and gymnasium. The Women&#39;s Club moved their library into the second floor of the building when it opened. Independence Park was dedicated on the Fourth of July, 1914. The building was also used as the park district headquarters.</p><br>
<p>The park also featured a running track, baseball fields, a playground, a wading pool, and two shelters in its early history. The baseball fields would be flooded in winters, creating ice skating rinks. The park hosted the Chicago Public High School league in 1918 and an ice skating derby in 1920. The library outgrew its quarters in 1928 and moved into its longtime home at 3715 W. Irving Park Road. By the late 1920s, the park had horseshoe courts, putting greens, and tennis courts.</p><br>
<p>The district also purchaaed some adjacent properties in 1929, expanding the park to 7.86 acre. Eight of the nine houses that they acquired were demolished; one remaining bungalow was converted to the Womens Club House. The bungalow, designed by Benedict J. Bruns, had been built in 1920 for produce wholesaler John Luttrell Coppersmith. Coppersmith sold the house to Henry Dick, a vice president at mens clothing firm Hart, Schaffner & Marx.</p><br>
<p>The large ballfield was removed in 1930 and was replaced with a sunken garden; costs of lighting and maintaining the field had proven prohibitive during the Great Depression. The garden featured a lily pool, a flag pole, and the name of the park was spelled out in concrete cut-outs. The Depression also forced the Irving Park District to consolidate with the other 22 park districts of Chicago through the Park Consolidation Act of 1934, creating the Chicago Park District. Works Progress Administration funds restored a softball field, the tennis courts, and the horseshoe courts. Funds were also provided to convert the basement of the bungalow to an arts & crafts studio. Max Decker painted May the Spirit of 1776 Live On&#39; for the gymnasium in 1937.</p><br>
<p>In 1949, a new large ballfield was installed in the park.</p><br>
<h2>Present day</h2><br>
<p>Recent additions to the park include a playground, a spray pool, parking lots, a CTA shelter, decorative fencing, two planters, a dolphin sculpture, and a memorial boulder dedicated to Charles A. Karavitch.</p><br>
<p>The park was recognized by the National Park Service with a listing on the National Register of Historic Places on February 18, 2009.</p><br>
<p>The Kandrich, at, is the highest mountain in the Bingen Forest It is situated near Daxweiler in the county of Bad Kreuznach in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Kandrich lies in the northern tip of the county of Bad Kreuznach and within the parish of Daxweiler. It is located about 3.5 kilometres north-northwest of this village and 3.7 kilometres north-northeast of Seibersbach. In the neighbouring county of Rhein-Hunsrück-Kreis lies the villages of Dichtelbach, 3 kilometres to the northwest and Rheinböllen, 4.2 kilometres to the west-northwest (as the crow flies). The Nahe tributary of the Guldenbach runs past the mountain to the southwest. The northeastern spur of the mountain is the Ohligsberg and its southwestern spur is the Hammerberg.</p><br>
<p>Parts of the protected area, Rheingebiet von Bingen bis Koblenz (CDDA-No. 323852; 1978 established in 1978; 403.28 km²), covers the mountain.</p><br>
<p>The Zoe Theatre is a historic movie theater located at 209 North Madison Street in Pittsfield, Illinois. The Streamline Moderne style theater opened in 1950. The buildings front facade has a flat, minimalist design faced with glass panels. The panels feature a decorative pattern of colored squares, with red squares set in beige ones on an ivory background. A neon marquee projects from the front facade and covers the entrance and box office. The design is notably missing the curved exterior elements common in early Moderne buildings, an indication of modernisms influence on later Moderne works. The theater received an Annual Merit Award in Theatre Catalog annual design review in 1951; it was one of thirty-six theaters nationwide and two in Illinois to earn the award.</p><br>
<p>The theater was added to the National Register of Historic Places on January 2, 2013.</p><br>
<p>South Main Street Historic District is a national historic district located at Kernersville, Forsyth County, North Carolina. The district encompasses 53 contributing buildings, 2 contributing sites, and 2 contributing objects in Kernersville. They include residential and commercial buildings built between about 1834 and 1930 in a variety of popular architectural styles including Colonial Revival, Queen Anne, and Bungalow / American Craftsman style. Located in the district is the separately listed Korners Folly. Other notable buildings include Spears House , Dr. Elias Kerner House , Elias Kerner Huff House , Greenfield and Kerner Tobacco Factory ,  Bank of Kernersville , DeWitt Harmons Office , Kernersville Moravian Church , and Main Street United Methodist Church .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<p>The Wittsburg Store and Gas Station is a historic retail establishment on Cross County Road 637 in Wittsburg, Arkansas. It is the only commercial building in the community. Built c. 1930, it is a single-story wood frame structure with a gable roof and a false front. A shed-roof porch extends across the front, supported by for square posts. The main entrance is centered, flanked by sash windows. A gable-roofed section extends from the rear of the building, providing residential space for the shop, which occupies the main block. The building also features a concrete storm cellar, and there is a period gas pump to the buildings southeast. The store operated from the 1930s to the 1980s, and is a reminder of Wittsburgs former status as a significant river town.</p><br>
<p>The store was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.</p><br>
<p>The Campbell House, also known as Colony House #54 and Campbell-Bouwens-Hamming House, is a historic house at 1540 Inner Springer Loop Road, near Palmer, Alaska. It is a simple 1-1/2 story wood frame structure with a side gable roof. It was designed by architect and community planner David Williams, and built in 1935 as part of the Matanuska Valley Colony project. Of the 75 frame houses built as part of the colony, the Campbell House is one of the few that has survived, and is among the best-preserved. The Campbell House property also retains the original, now restored outhouse, and the chicken coop. At present time the Campbell House is the only colony home available to the public as a vacation rental.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in April 2013. It is owned by Quarter 54 Colony Rentals LLC.</p><br>
<p>Karancs  is the highest peak in the Karancs Hills with an elevation of 729 m. It lies on the Hungarian-Slovak border. In Hungary, the mountain forms part of the Karancs-Medves Protected Landscape Area, while in Slovakia it is included in the Cerová vrchovina Protected Landscape Area.</p><br>
<p>The name Karancs may be derived from the mountains often dark green (almost black) colour. In Pecheneg and the other Middle Turkic languages, the word kara meant black&#39;. Another possible etymology is that the word was formed from the toponymic base karant, derived from the Proto-Celtic *karn- and ultimately from the Proto-Indo-European *ḱerh₂- meaning "highest part of the body, horn", thus "tip, peak".</p><br>
<p>Karancs is a laccolith formed through volcanic activity in the Miocene.</p><br>
<p>The Hemlock Bridge is a covered bridge in a rural part of Fryeburg, Maine. Built in 1857, it carries Hemlock Bridge Road over the Old Course Saco River, near the western shore of Kezar Lake in eastern Fryeburg. It is the last surviving 19th-century covered  in Fryeburg. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Hemlock Bridge is a single-span Paddleford truss bridge with a total length of 116 ft. Its total height, from deck to gable peak, is 20 ft, with an internal clearance of 14 ft. The roadbed is 16 ft wide. The bridge rests on granite block abutments at a mean height of 15 ft above the river bed. The Old Course Saco River, which the bridge spans, is a remnant of the original course of the Saco River, which was bypassed by canal-digging in the early 19th century.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was one of seven covered bridges erected in Fryeburg in the 19th century, all crossing the Saco River, whose original course meandered across the plain in a nearly circular arc. In 1815 local residents successfully petitioned the state to bypass this large meander which locals described as "thirty-six miles of river and six miles of country". At this time five bridges crossed the Saco; the Hemlock Bridge was built in 1857. It is the last of the seven bridges still standing. It is maintained by the state.</p><br>
<p>The Burnham Center, originally known as the Conway Building and later as the Chicago Title & Trust Building, is a historic skyscraper in Chicago, Illinois. Built with funds from the Marshall Field estate, it was the last building designed by Daniel Burnham before his death on June 1, 1912 and was completed in 1913.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Burnham Center, originally known as the Conway Building, replaced the Chicago Opera House, which had been built in 1885. The Conway was a real estate project resulting from the estate of Marshall Field, who had died in 1906. Field requested that his $83 million estate be invested in Chicago real estate until his grandson, Marshall Field III, turned fifty (1943). For the most part, Field&#39;s estate was invested in existing property, but it was used to fund three major projects: the Conway Building, the Pittsfield Building (1927), and the Field Building (1934).</p><br>
<p>Daniel Burnham was a frequent associate of Field, designing an annex to the Marshall Field and Company Building (1892) and the Field Museum of Natural History (c. 1900). Burnham, with Frederick P. Dinkelberg, completed his design for the building shortly before leaving Chicago in April 1912; he died in Germany two months later. The building resembles Burnham&#39;s Flatiron Building in New York City: both buildings are twenty-one stories, have rounded corners, and are decorated in a Beaux-Arts style. Both buildings are thought to be influenced by the Palazzo di Propaganda Fide in Rome. Ernest R. Graham, Peirce Anderson, and Edward Probst assumed control of the project on April 30. It was completed under the auspices of Graham, Burnham & Co. (a precursor of Graham, Anderson, Probst & White) in 1913.</p><br>
<p>The building was recognized by the National Park Service with a listing on the National Register of Historic Places on February 9, 1984. The Chicago Title & Trust Co. was a longtime tenet before the 1992 completion of the Chicago Title and Trust Center. Their former headquarters then became known as the Burnham Center.</p><br>
<p>The Burhnam Center is currently home to the Chicago offices of Grubhub.</p><br>
<p>The Union Congregational Church is a historic church facility at 350-354 Main Street in the Salisbury Point section of Amesbury, Massachusetts. It is a two story structure, set on a granite foundation, with a gable roof and a tower. The main facade has two symmetrically-placed entrances, each flanked by sidelight windows and pilasters, and topped by an entablature. Palladian windows are located above each entry on the second level, and there is a small lunette in the gable end. The tower rises in stepped stages, starting with a square section, followed by an open belfry with round-arch openings and pilastered supports. Above the belfry is an octagonal section topped by a rounded cupola. The building, built in 1835, supposedly by local shipwrights, is an excellent local example of Greek Revival style. To its west is a vestry building, constructed in 1854, which was joined to the church in 1892 by adapting an old horse shed as a connector.</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2014.</p><br>
<p>The Sutherland Hotel, originally built to be the Cooper–Monatah Hotel, is a historic building in the Kenwood neighborhood of Chicago, Illinois. Built as a high-end hotel, the Sutherland was commandeered by the US government as a military hospital before it was completed. Finally opened as a hotel in 1925, the building later became famous for its Sutherland Lounge, a popular venue for Chicago&#39;s jazz scene.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Kenwood, Chicago was an upper-class residential community in the early 20th century. The connection of mass transit lines in the early 1900s fostered an era of large-scale development. Sherman T. Cooper was among these developers, and eyed a high-class hotel at the northeast corner of 47th Street and Drexel Boulevard. Cooper commissioned architect Henry L. Newhouse, who specialized in commercial buildings, to design the hotel. The original plan called for a six-story building with 236 bedrooms.</p><br>
<p>Shortly before construction began in late 1917, the United States entered World War I. The next year, the partially completed building was commandeered by the government as a military hospital. At the time, the exterior was complete, but there were no finished floors, heating, plumbing, or lighting. The commission in charge of the facility assumed responsibility for finishing it, implementing only necessary changes instead of the intended decorations. The building was completed in January 1919 and was commissioned as General Hospital #32. It was decommissioned only a few months later in May. It was then assigned to the United States Public Health Service in 1920, which operated for another five years.</p><br>
<p>In 1925, a real estate consortium purchased the hotel building. They named their acquisition The Sutherland after partner William J. Sutherland, president of the Mooney, Borland, Sutherland Corporation intelligence bureau. They rehabilitated the building into an apartment hotel with small additions for commercial space. It maintained this role through the late 1940s.</p><br>
<p>Following the Supreme Court ruling in Shelley v. Kraemer, banning restrictive real estate covenants, middle-class black families moved to the north Kenwood area. Ostracized from white communities, neighborhoods like Kenwood fostered the Chicago Black Renaissance, a surge of black artistic expression. Typical of the era, the Sutherland refused to serve black clientele. However, a change of ownership to Maxwell Rubin, Lee Gould, and Samuel Cohen in the early 1950s resulting in the building&#39;s 1952 integration. The new owners invested in a rehabilitation in an era where other white businessmen were abandoning the neighborhood. They placed Earl Clark Ormes, a black businessman who had worked for the Supreme Life Insurance Company, as its manager.</p><br>
<p>Ormes became the face of the Sutherland as it catered to black clientele, advertising it as "The Southside&#39;s Most Progressive Hotel." Jazz music enjoyed a revival in the area of the 1950s, and several venues opened to cater to its popularity, including the Savoy Ballroom, the Regal Theater, the Palm Tavern, and the Parkway Ballroom. In 1956, the Sutherland began to advertise the "Sutherland Lounge," a venue advertised as the place "Where the Stars and Celebrities Meet." Larry Smith broadcast live shows and interviews from the hotel. Performers included Thelonious Monk, John Coltrane, Louis Armstrong, and Miles Davis.</p><br>
<p>In 1963, the lounge closed, ostensibly for repairs. It briefly opened in 1964, but closed that February. The lounge area was occasionally used for entertainment performances in the following years, but its role as an influential jazz spot ended. Also in 1963, a group led by four alderman established a civil rights division of the Coordinating COuncil of Community Organizations and used the Sutherland as its headquarters. There, the division met with residents to discuss civil rights issues.</p><br>
<p>Dilapidated, the Sutherland closed in 1982. Seven years later, the building was purchased and converted to affordable housing by Travelers & Immigrants Aid and the Oakwood Development Corporation. The Sutherland is now one of the few buildings remaining in Kenwood that reflect its jazz heritage. The Palm Tavern at 446 E. 47th Street is the only other similar building. For its role in Chicago&#39;s jazz history, the Sutherland was recognized by the National Park Service with a listing on the National Register of Historic Places on May 4, 2011.</p><br>
<p>Moel y Gest is a 263 m hill to the west of Porthmadog in North Wales. It is a very rocky hill with high topographic prominence because of the lower land that surrounds it on all sides, and qualifies as a Marilyn. The views from the top are far ranging and include the Llŷn Peninsula, the Rhinogydd, Moelwynion, Moel Hebog, and Snowdon.</p><br>
<h2>Ascent</h2><br>
<p>Moel y Gest can be climbed by approaching it from the south, starting from the unclassified road from Porthmadog to Black Rock Sands. This crosses pasture fields before reaching steeper slopes with gorse and bracken. There are a number of interconnecting paths on the slopes. The summit is rocky with rough grass and boulders, and there is a cairn and a path along the ridge. Other routes up the hill are available from the northeast, north and elsewhere but there seems to be no main path.</p><br>
<h2>Historic sites</h2><br>
<p>At the summit of Moel y Gest is a hillfort which shows some resemblance to the "nuclear forts" of the Early Middle Ages found in Scotland. Like these, it has a "court" system with loops of wall and a "citadel". However the fort has several peculiarities which makes it difficult to understand. For most of its perimeter, the boundary defenses follow natural features to give it good defensive potential, but at the northwestern part, where the entrance lies, it is set back from the cliff making it vulnerable to an approaching enemy who would be invisible until close at hand. The perimeter wall contains a selectively large numbers of white, quartz stones, and it is possible the fort had a religious rather than military significance.</p><br>
<p>There is also the remains of a round hut on the northern flanks of the hill at an elevation of about 500 ft. This has an entrance on the southwestern side and a diameter of 12 ft, with walls 2.5 ft thick and 1 ft high.</p><br>
<p>Kedron Lodge is a heritage-listed villa at 123 Nelson Street, Kalinga , City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by architect Christopher Potter and was built from 1860 to the early 1900s. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Kedron Lodge was one of the first Brisbane dwellings designed by architect Christopher Potter. It was built by John Petrie, for the first judge of the Queensland Supreme Court, Alfred James Lutwyche (1810–1880). The judge had purchased portion 18 of 35 acres (14 hectares) for £35 in January 1860. He established a very viable farm and orchard, and built stables to satisfy his horse-racing interests. He was an acknowledged gourmet and bon-vivant, as well as a leading Anglican and controversial judge.</p><br>
<p>William Henry Kent, a race-horse owner and grazier, was the next inhabitant from about 1890 to 1905. He added a ballroom to the house, established a noteworthy garden and utilised the stables. In subsequent years Kedron Lodge was rented till purchased by William Walton, who was responsible for the subdivision of the estate.</p><br>
<p>From 1930 to 1989 the Lodge was owned by the Catholic Church. During this era it was a home for priests, a convent and finally a youth refuge. The subsequent owners returned the home to its former status.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Kedron Lodge is a large two-storeyed dwelling of twenty rooms beside Kedron Brook. Built of sandstone from John Petrie&#39;s Albion Quarry, its irregular silhouette is created by several steeply pitched gable roofs and five brick chimneys. Decoration includes traceried bargeboards, window mouldings and the castellated parapet and mouldings on the ground floor faceted bay. The unshaded windows are multi-paned sash. A string course delineates the two floors. The entrance porch leads to a large square-shaped front hall which gives access to the cedar staircase and the cellar. The hall terminates at a longitudal gallery or hallway that connects the rear wings. Like Toorak House, Kedron Lodge is an excellent example of the two-storeyed Gothic style residence.</p><br>
<p>The house occupies a corner position. On its left is a Catholic church and behind Kedron Lodge is the church hall. The grounds include a swimming pool but little planting.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Kedron Lodge was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Kedron Lodge is one of the original villa estates which was typical of many which were built on the fringe of Brisbane in the 1860s, but which have suffered since from suburban subdivision.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The building is a rare example of a substantial Colonial Gothic house built in stone in the early 1880s by Christopher Potter and John Petrie for Judge Lutwyche.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The building is a rare example of a substantial Colonial Gothic house built in stone in the early 1880s by Christopher Potter and John Petrie for Judge Lutwyche.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Designed by less well known architect Christopher Potter and built by premier builder John Petrie, Kedron Lodge has harmonious form, style and fabric.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Kedron Lodge is also significant as the home of Queensland&#39;s first Supreme Court judge after whom the suburb has been named.</p><br>
<p>Craigerne is a heritage-listed detached house at 101 Windsor Road, Red Hill, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was built in 1868. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Craigerne is part of a deed of grant taken up by William McFarlane in 1864. In 1866 McFarlane sold the whole of portion 512 to William McCallum Park, a stonemason and building contractor who subdivided the property into 20 allotments and created Park Street. He kept sudivisions 1,2 & 3 for himself.</p><br>
<p>Though it is possible that the house was built before the 1880s, the first occupant listed in street directories was Major Walter Snelling who lived there from 1885 until 1887 when Parks father, Andrew, moved in. The Parks affairs were in the hands of liquidators in 1892-1893 when the property passed to the mortgagee, the Queensland National Bank.</p><br>
<p>In 1915, it was bought by solicitor Herbert Hemmings. After his death in 1940 it passed into other hands, to be turned into flats in 1950. In 1979 the purchasers were C.A. and Z.W. Wilczynski, who carried out the restoration. The premises were sold again in 1985, resulting in further alterations.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The rectangular two-storeyed stone house may be described as Colonial Georgian in style, being symmetrical and simple in plan, appearance and detail, with the exception of cast-iron balustrading of front and back verandahs. The external walls are of random ashlar in front, but rubble stone elsewhere, and the hipped roof is of corrugated iron. The long sash windows are louver-shuttered and the verandah roof is concave in form.</p><br>
<p>Though appearing to be single-storeyed from the street, the sloping land allows for a second floor underneath, each consisting of two rooms on either side of a central hall. The upper rooms on the northern side are connected by folding doors, while the original kitchen is located downstairs. Four chimneys serve fireplaces in each of the eight rooms. Internal walls are brick with plaster rendering. All ceilings are lath and plaster and the substantial joinery is cedar. By and large the house lacks elaboration inside or out.</p><br>
<p>It was exceptionally well built with first-rate materials throughout, and was restored in the 1980s with the assistance of conservation architects, including the original colour scheme and replicated balustrading.</p><br>
<p>A two-storey annexe has been built to the right and connected on the upper level by a covered walkway. The new building, while intended to be sympathetic in scale and texture to the original house, has necessitated a wall-opening to accommodate the walkway.</p><br>
<p>The Windsor Road frontage has a substantial wrought-iron fence with brick piers which seems to be contemporary with the house.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Craigerne was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Craigerne is significant as an unusually late example of the Colonial Georgian architectural style and stone construction.</p><br>
<p>Craigerne is significant for its pleasing symmetrical appearance and quality materials and craftsmanship.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>Craigerne is significant as an unusually late example of the Colonial Georgian architectural style and stone construction.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Craigerne is significant for its pleasing symmetrical appearance and quality materials and craftsmanship.</p><br>
<p>Second World War Hangar No. 7 is a heritage-listed hangar at 116 Lamington Avenue, Eagle Farm, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by US Army and built from 1942 to by Manuel Richard Hornibrook. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 7 February 2005.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>History of the Site to the Second World War</h3><br>
<p>The Second World War Hangar No.7, located fronting Terminal Drive on the site of the old Brisbane Airport, is a timber truss igloo structure with ribbed metal sheet cladding. The hangar was constructed in 1942 for the use of the Allied Technical Air Intelligence Unit (ATAIU), as part of a major aircraft assembly depot and aerodrome under the control of the US 81st Air Depot Group, and under the US 5th Air Force under the command of General Douglas MacArthur&#39;s Supreme Headquarters of the South West Pacific Area. It is the last surviving Second World War timber truss igloo structure at Eagle Farm.</p><br>
<p>The structure is located adjacent to the Eagle Farm Women&#39;s Prison and Factory Site, the remains of which are located beneath the southeast end of runway 13/31.</p><br>
<p>In September 1829 Commandant Patrick Logan of the Moreton Bay penal settlement founded a secondary agricultural establishment approximately eight miles from the town at Eagle Farm. Female convicts are recorded at Eagle Farm from 1830, and in 1837 all female prisoners in Brisbane Town were removed to Eagle Farm.</p><br>
<p>By November 1838 the decision had been taken to abandon the Moreton Bay penal settlement, and by July 1839 all the female convicts had been removed. Eagle Farm was virtually abandoned, although it was still functioning as a government cattle station in 1841.</p><br>
<p>In 1842 the land was surveyed, put up for public auction and subsequently farmed. The buildings were demolished at an unknown date.</p><br>
<p>The land on which Hangar No.7 stands was purchased by John Westaway in April 1864. After his death in 1867, title passed to William Westaway who subsequently subdivided the land, and the area of concern was sold to Alonzo Sparkes in April 1914. Doomben Park Recreation Grounds Ltd purchased the site in October 1920, and it was leased in 1932 for 7 years to James Macfarlane and George Rea, after which it was acquired by the Commonwealth.</p><br>
<p>The opening of the mouth of the Brisbane River to deep water shipping, and the construction of the railway to Pinkenba stimulated growth in the area around Eagle Farm, and housing subdivisions gradually displaced the pastoral uses of the land.</p><br>
<p>The land at Eagle Farm was inspected by Captain E C Johnston, Superintendent of Aerodromes Civil Aviation Department, in February 1922 as a site for a civil aerodrome. This land (to the north of the site of hangar 7) was subsequently surveyed and acquired from William Lynn and David Wilson for a total cost of £5,464.0.8. The Commonwealth gazettal notice of the aerodrome site occurred on 29 June 1922, and at that time the site was described as containing 84 acres 2 roods 2.3 perches of partly cleared land with black soils, scattered heavy gum and ironbark, and some good grazing areas.</p><br>
<p>In July 1922 it was intended to lease portions of the aerodrome to various commercial aviation companies, and from 1923 the intention to acquire adjoining lands for expansion of the aerodrome was being expressed. A grass airstrip was formed in 1923, and a layout for hangar blocks with a caretaker&#39;s cottage was prepared in February 1924. The Brisbane Civil Aviation hangar was constructed c. 1925, and the first commercial operations were commenced by QANTAS in 1926, who formed the Brisbane Flying Training School in 1927.</p><br>
<p>By August 1928, when the Australian Aero Club held their second annual Aerial Pageant, a second hangar housing QANTAS was located adjacent to the north of the Brisbane Civil Aviation hangar, with a caretakers cottage to the south. The aerial pageant included such events as the Balloon Strafe, where small gas filled balloons were released and the aeroplanes would endeavour to burst them with their propellers in flight. The pageant also included aerobatics, an aerial derby, speed championships, bombing displays, novelty events, crazy flying, parachute decents and an air battle. The entrance to the aerodrome was from the east off Schneider Road adjacent to Mr Wilson&#39;s property.</p><br>
<p>In 1927 Captain Johnston, then Director of Civil Aerodromes Civil Aviation Department, was again looking at acquiring adjacent lands, in particular the Doomben Park Recreation Grounds racecourse straight located to the south of the aerodrome, but costs were prohibitive and much of the surrounding land suffered from poor drainage.</p><br>
<p>The most significant event to occur in this period was the landing of the Southern Cross in June 1928. Squadron Leader Charles Kingsford-Smith and Charles Ulm completed the first trans-Pacific flight from California to Brisbane, landing at Eagle Farm. Kingsford-Smith and Ulm formed Australian National Airlines in 1929 and initiated scheduled services between Melbourne, Sydney and Brisbane. Also of note in 1928, Squadron Leader Bert Hinkler AFC completed the first solo flight from England to Australia in 16 days in a light aeroplane.</p><br>
<p>In 1928 it was decided to acquire an area of land at Rocklea for use as a civil aerodrome in lieu of Eagle Farm. In August 1929 it was stated that as soon as the aerodrome at Rocklea (now Archerfield Airport) was acquired and prepared, flying activities would be transferred from Eagle Farm which would then be available for disposal. The two existing hangars would be moved but the caretakers cottage on the site would remain.</p><br>
<p>In 1929 the site was placed with the Department of the Interior for sale, and several options for disposal of the property were considered, including industrial sites or to the general public in broad acre lots or by subdivision. In 1931 it was assessed as having a poor prospect of sale, and it was recommended to lease the land until the real estate market improved. At this time the aerodrome was not required by the Department of Defence, and only one aircraft concern (Aircrafts Pty Ltd) was still operating from the site. The land was leased to Messrs Wilson and Campbell for the grazing of cattle and horses.</p><br>
<p>David Wilson died in September 1934, and his interest in the partnership passed to his widow Margaret Wilson. The partnership held the lease until March 1940. Part of the lease arrangements was that the Queensland Gliding Association was to be allowed to use the site on public holidays, to erect hangars on the land, and to install water supply and any conveniences.</p><br>
<p>In June 1939 the aerodrome site was still being considered for sale, and the prospects of the area were thought to have improved due to Brisbane City Council policies on oil storage depot locations, the erection of wharves at Hamilton, Queensland Government development of the area between Eagle Farm Road and the river, the development of industries in the area, and the small amount of available vacant land. The site was valued at £4,200.</p><br>
<p>At this time, the Minister for Civil Aviation, the Honourable James Valentine Fairbairn, mentioned that the site was very suitable for training purposes, and directed that it be retained. Captain Johnston, who originally selected the site, also stated that it was suitable for instructional purposes. This decision is likely related to Fairbairns attendance at a meeting in Ottawa in December 1939 in which the details of the Empire Air Training Scheme were concluded. Australia had declared war on Germany on 3 September 1939, and the importance placed on the retention of Eagle Farm is reflected in Fairbairns report to Prime Minister Menzies that the "only activity that we have undertaken which could lead to the winning or losing of the war by our failure or success in carrying out our undertaking is the Empire Air Training Scheme".</p><br>
<h3>Military Aviation in Australia, and Events Leading to the Second World War</h3><br>
<p>The Australian Flying Corps were involved in the First World War as part of the Army. Following the establishment of the Royal Air Force in 1918, Australias Minister for Defence, Senator George Foster Pearce, appointed the Swinburne Committee to report on the needs of military aviation. Australias involvement in the Imperial defence strategy inevitably placed its senior military commanders in a position subordinate to their British counterparts, and as its starting point the Committee accepted the strategys basis that Australias security would continue to be based on sea power. The committee found that while they supported the establishment of an air service, they rejected any suggestion that it should have an independent role. Any Australian air force would exist solely to support the sea and land forces.</p><br>
<p>The Committee recommended the formation of a single, separate air corps, which would be administered by an Air Board composed of members of the Naval and Military Boards, while the wings of the corps allotted to the Navy and Army were to be controlled by the Naval and Military Boards respectively. Cabinet approved the proposal on 18 February 1919, and the Air Board was formed with the Air Corps key role determined as surveillance. The Navy and Army had their own tasks for the air service, and in April 1920 put forward a proposal for the formation of an air force to meet certain fundamental needs of the Navy and Army, which included torpedo bombers, patrol planes, flying boats and seaplanes, fighting planes, reconnaissance planes and bombers. The Air Corps became the Royal Australian Air Force on 31 March 1921 with a total complement of 21 officers, and the bulk of its aircraft came as a gift from the Imperial government and consisted of essentially obsolete machines left over from the First World War.</p><br>
<p>The Royal Australian Air Force came into being as the worlds second separate air force, and its establishment coincided with the decision to place defence spending on a peacetime basis for the first time since the First World War. In 1924, the Air Board described the RAAFs condition as most unsatisfactory and that it survived on a hand-to-mouth existence, with 65 officers and 300 men and only two machines fit for war. Defence funding became even tighter in the Depression years, and the situation did not improve until the mid-1930s with the growing threat of war and easing of the Depression.</p><br>
<p>A particularly strong anti-RAAF move emerged in 1929 when there was a possibility that the Air Force would be dismembered and split between the other two forces, a threat which was apparent until after the mid-1930s. This coincided with Salmond Report of 1928 which recommended that Australia substitute air power (due to its speed, mobility, flexibility and offensive striking power) for sea and land power. As the Air Force entered the 1930s, it was still equipped with 1916-17 types of machines, although the growing threat of the Japanese air force had been recognised as early as 1925 in the Memorandum Regarding the Air Defence of Australia by Air Commodore Williams.</p><br>
<p>The 1920s had seen a vast improvement across the spectrum of aircraft performance, particularly in range and reliability. This was highlighted in 1928 when Squadron Leader Charles Kingsford-Smith and Charles Ulm completed the first trans-Pacific flight from California to Brisbane landing at Eagle Farm, and Squadron Leader Bert Hinkler AFC completed the first solo flight from England to Australia in 16 days in a light aeroplane. The capability now existed for long range strike operations against enemy shipping.</p><br>
<p>Australias defence independence was constrained by the commitment to the Imperial strategy and the British connection. The Imperial Conference of 1923 declared that the basis of the Empires security was the sheltering screen provided by the Royal Navy, a judgement which was confirmed at subsequent conferences until 1937. Twice during the interwar period, a review of the RAAF was thought necessary, but in each occasion the government turned to an RAF officer, resulting in the Salmond Report of 1928 and the Ellington Report of 1938.</p><br>
<p>Germany had invaded Poland on 1 September 1939, and on 3 September 1939 Australia declared war on Germany.</p><br>
<p>The RAF realised that if massive expansion were necessary, Britain had the industrial capacity to increase aircraft production but it would not be able to train enough aircrew from British sources. Through Australia&#39;s commitment to the defence of Britain, agreement was reached that Australia and other Dominions would participate in a massive training program, subsequently known as the Empire Air Training Scheme, the details of which were concluded at a meeting in Ottawa in December 1939. Australia contributed over 27,000 men to the scheme throughout the Second World War.</p><br>
<p>The RAAF&#39;s involvement in the South West Pacific Area (SWPA) was more complex than in Europe.</p><br>
<p>At this date, there were 12 RAAF squadrons, of which two existed in nucleus only and four were citizen force. The aircraft inventory consisted entirely of obsolescent machines. In Brisbane, aviation activities centred on Archerfield and Amberley (under construction).</p><br>
<p>The aerodrome was taken over by the RAAF for Flying Training purposes on 8 March 1940, and the Wilson and Campbell lease was terminated. In June 1940 the aerodrome accommodated the RAAF No.2 Elementary Flying Training School, as Relief Landing Ground property 41.</p><br>
<p>On 7 December 1941 the US Navy Pacific Fleet in Pearl Harbour was attacked by the Japanese. A US convoy bound for the Philippines was redirected to Brisbane, arriving on 22 December 1941. Shortly after the entry of Japan into the War, Australian foreign policy appeared to make its most dramatic shift since Federation. On 27 December 1941 Prime Minister John Curtin stated "Without any inhibitions of any kind I make it quite clear that Australia looks to America, free of any pangs as to our traditional links of kinship with the United Kingdom... we shall exert all our energies toward the shaping of a plan, with the United States as its cornerstone."</p><br>
<p>At this time, the RAAF did not have a fighter remotely capable of combating the Japanese Zero, which served the Japanese Naval units.</p><br>
<p>By February 1942 Japanese forces had gained footholds in territories adjoining northern Australia which made it seem probable that the advance southwards would continue, culminating in the invasion of Australia. This threat of invasion in 1942 is summarised in a statement made by Prime Minister Curtin in 1944, in which he said now that Singapore was lost and we were unable to concentrate a superior fleet, the strength of our defences was inadequate to defend Australia... against an enemy with command of the sea and air. We lacked air support, possessing no fighters whatsoever, and our bomber and reconnaissance planes had been reduced to about 50 machines. No country faced a greater danger with less resources than Australia.</p><br>
<p>The RAAF had not performed well up until this time, with their involvement in the Far East campaign consisting of a series of devastatingly quick defeats, and a humiliating flight down the Malay Peninsula to Singapore and the Netherlands East Indies before final defeat or capture. On the 19 February 1942 the Japanese bombed Darwin, and the Darwin Air Station was not well prepared. Several Australian and American aircraft were destroyed on the ground or shot down, and large numbers of the RAAF deserted their posts with 278 personnel still missing four days after the attack.</p><br>
<p>It was against this background that the decision to place the RAAF under General Douglas MacArthur was made on 18 April 1942. The directive appointing General MacArthur as Supreme Commander of the South West Pacific Area (SWPA) placed under his control all armed forces which the governments concerned have assigned, or may assign, to this area.</p><br>
<h3>Second World War Construction Work at Eagle Farm</h3><br>
<p>The acquisition of the six furlong (1320 yards) straight extension of Doomben Racecourse and adjacent land bordering the southern boundary of the aerodrome was proposed on 11 December 1941 and was valued at £1,727. The official transfer of the land did not actually occur until February 1954.</p><br>
<p>The US Convoy, which arrived in Brisbane on 22 December 1941, had crated aircraft on board which required unloading, assembling and flying to their Clark Field destination in the Philippines. A decision was made in January 1942 to develop Eagle Farm as a major aircraft erection depot and aerodrome from which the planes could proceed. Eagle Farm had direct road and rail links to Brisbane, it was close to port facilities and had potential for expansion and provision of multiple runways. The total cost of the development work to Eagle Farm over three years to the end of 1944 was £559,687.</p><br>
<p>Recognising the need for a co-ordinating agency for all Australian construction of a military nature, an Allied Works Council (AWC) was formed on 25 February 1942, and the works were mainly carried out by the Civil Construction Corps, into which labour and manpower could be drafted. The AWC was disbanded in September 1945.</p><br>
<p>The straight six extension of the Doomben Racecourse was utilised as a ready made apron for the hangars which were to be built. Initial works were delayed by heavy rain for three weeks converting the ground to a quagmire, and as a result thousands of feet of ashes and coke breeze were carted from the gasworks and deposited in order to keep trucks moving with borrow material from Nudgee. By 18 February 1942 the construction of one hangar had begun and the SW-NE runway was nearing completion. Shiploads of aircraft components were arriving at the port and had to be transported to Amberley for assembly until Eagle Farm was ready. The Americans advised that the runways were urgently needed for the fighter plane protection of Brisbane, and as a result two ten-hour shifts were organised using 100 trucks which hauled 33,000 cubic yards of fill to complete the section, and on 29 March 1942 a squadron of P-39 aircraft landed.</p><br>
<p>The caretaker&#39;s cottage at Eagle Farm was repaired to be used as a flight office and daily accommodation for RAAF personnel. Construction of hangars 1 and 2 had begun to the south of the straight six section, and further urgent works were proposed to begin in March 1942, consisting of four 96 ft span hangars (No.s 3,4,8 and 9) of a total of twelve, for an Erection Depot for the US Army Air Corps. This caused some initial problems, as a Colonel Snead stated that he did not want any hangars at Eagle Farm as he had been instructed to operate the aerodrome as a pursuit field, and had 18 fighters based at the field and as such it was inadvisable to have an assembly depot close by.</p><br>
<p>The construction of hangars 3,4,8 and 9, to an Australianised RAF Type A 1917 design, were begun by contractor TH Dennis, but in April construction work ceased and the hangars were relocated to Charleville. This situation changed quickly, and the hangars were relocated back to Eagle Farm from circa November 1942, to eventually double the length of hangars 1 and 2, and create hangars 3 and 3A (work was still being carried out in January 1944).</p><br>
<p>By April 1942, Anti Aircraft Artillery units were disposed to protect the wharf areas near Eagle Farm, and camouflage painting of the hangars had begun, as well as treatment to the aerodrome and nearby Emergency Military Camps at Doomben and Ascot Racecourses.</p><br>
<p>The US Army 81st Air Depot Group was established on 11 May 1942 by order of the War Department in Washington with Headquarters and Supply Squadron located in Brisbane. The Group controlled all services operations relating to aircraft assembly, maintenance and reconstruction initially at Amberley, Tocumwal (NSW) and at Eagle Farm. These activities were centred on Eagle Farm after August 1942.</p><br>
<p>In June 1942 the possession of nearby houses and land was taken under the provisions of National Security Legislation for the construction of essential runways This was gazetted in July 1943. Cottages were removed intact to a site selected by the owner, with compensation paid for the value of the land with any improvements. The owners had to purchase the new sites themselves, and periodical compensation was paid by the Airboard from the date of possession in June 1942.</p><br>
<p>The Supreme Headquarters of the South West Pacific Area (SWPA), under the Commander-in-Chief of Allied Forces, General Douglas MacArthur, was based in Brisbane in the AMP Building (now known as MacArthur Central). Tenants were compulsorily evacuated under military orders from 21 July 1942 until 14 June 1945.</p><br>
<p>In October 1942, Manuel Richard Hornibrook was commissioned by the US Army to erect four large stores at Eagle Farm, most likely hangars 4,5,6 and 7 of an igloo design. The igloo is a form of light nailed timber arch construction. These hangars were built fronting the straight six section, as a ready made apron, with hangar 7 built for the Allied Technical Air Intelligence Unit (ATAIU) located separately at the end of the straight. These hangars were based on the US Army 104 ft span timber box frame design and were clad with galvanised iron, but when that material was restricted, terne-coated iron was used, a lead-tin coating usually used for fuel tank manufacture. There were various igloo designs, but the AWC designs were considered to be far more rugged than US designs, and were designed to have a reasonably long life under winds of up to 65 miles per hour, and used standard grade Group C hardwood timber.</p><br>
<p>The defence building program brought about severe shortages in materials and manpower. The priority for labour and materials, particularly steel, was directed into the war effort which resulted in innovative methods for construction. The AWC engineers adapted themselves to designing all types of timber framed buildings, in some cases utilising green timber due to shortages of seasoned timber. While most structures were designed to be temporary, wartime working stresses were adopted at least 33% greater than normal working stresses.</p><br>
<p>The standard igloo design resulted from a need for lightweight prefabricated structures which could be quickly erected as aircraft hideouts, or shelters in more remote areas. It has been assumed that the timber lattice arch truss design was based on American steel lattice structures. However, Emil Brizay, a French engineer refugee from Singapore in the office of MR Hornibrook is also credited with designing the construction system on which the igloo was modelled. The igloos at Eagle Farm were one of several designs for lightweight long span structures which utilised timber in small sectional sizes of chords to enable the lattice trusses to be hand nailed in jigs on site and speedily erected at low cost.</p><br>
<p>These timber truss igloos were widely used, and known locations include Garbutt near Townsville, Cairns, Eagle Farm, Allison Engine Works at Breakfast Creek, Schofield Army Base and Archerfield Airfield.</p><br>
<p>Hangar 8, a US Butler prefabricated steel portal framed structure located to the northeast of hangar 7, was the last hangar to be constructed in the Second World War period, apparently between May 1943 and July 1944, as a shelter area for aircraft reconstructed by the ATAIU. It was originally erected with a canvas curtain entry and metal roof cladding. Metal side cladding was added later.</p><br>
<h3>Allied Technical Air Intelligence Unit (ATAIU)</h3><br>
<p>With the outbreak of the Pacific War on December 7, 1941, Allied Forces had little or no concrete knowledge about Japanese aircraft and their performance capabilities. The air war over China had been in full swing for over four years, little attempt had been made by Allied Intelligence agencies to learn very much about the Japanese equipment, tactics and potential. Due to severe cuts in military funding following WWI, intelligence units had not been developed for gathering and disseminating this type of information, and the bulk of concern was placed on Hitler&#39;s growing airpower and conquests in Europe. Once the US was involved in the War with Japan, there was a frantic effort to fill this information void. There was no meaningful list of Japanese aircraft types, and no way to identify these aircraft when encountered in combat. During this period, every single-engine Japanese fighter was identified as a Zero, and anything else was called a Mitsubishi or a Nakajima.</p><br>
<p>To sort out this dilemma became the sole responsibility of the Allied Technical Air Intelligence Unit (ATAIU) South West Pacific Area. In addition to developing a common means of identifying these aircraft by type, it was essential that the new unit obtain information to develop drawings and models, as well as acquiring photographs. The unit&#39;s responsibility was to discover construction techniques, weaknesses, strengths, and latest camouflage techniques. Gathering performance information in comparison to Allied aircraft was essential for developing combat tactics with which to counter the Japanese.</p><br>
<p>The ATAIU, a small group of intelligence personnel, was formed in Victoria Barracks, Melbourne, and later moved to Brisbane under the US 5th Air Force under the command of General MacArthur&#39;s Supreme Headquarters of the SWPA in late 1942/early 1943. The project had the direct authorisation of General George C Kenney, Commander of Allied Air Forces in the SWPA. Its staff headquarters were in the AMP Building (MacArthur Central) while the technical examination, reconstruction and simulated combat trials with captured Japanese aircraft was located at hangar 7, Eagle Farm. The 81st Air Depot Group controlled all operational activities of these aircraft.</p><br>
<p>Hangar 7 was the fourth timber framed igloo on the airfield, located some distance from the others at the end of straight six for security reasons. It became the workshops for the ATAIU, and was rectangular in plan with personnel access from centrally located skillion roofed door openings. The west end was clad with weatherboard, with a large central doorway for aircraft access. The building had corrugated iron roof sheeting with flush skylights as it had no artificial lighting. Internally it was divided by low partitions, creating separate cells for the various tasks associated with dismantling, analysing and reassembling the captured aircraft. Each cell had its own specialisation, which included workshops for aircraft engines, navigation systems, radio, weapons, and body reconstruction.</p><br>
<p>The group had to first collate field information, importantly descriptions of new planes that aircrew could only glimpse in battle. To overcome the confusion caused by the complex method of identifying the ever increasing number of Japanese aircraft types, a system of assigning easily remembered code names to each type was adopted. The Japanese-plane nickname system which came into common usage throughout the Allied air forces was developed. A different name was assigned to each aircraft as it became known to exist, and common first names were chosen.</p><br>
<p>To keep the plan simple, male names were given to fighters and float planes, and female names to bombers, reconnaissance aircraft and flying boats. Names beginning with T were given to the few transport planes in the Japanese inventory. Trainers were given names of trees, and gliders given names of birds. With the approval of General MacArthur, the MacArthur Southwest Pacific Code Name System came into being, circa September 1942, with an initial list of 50 names. The Tennessee background of Captain Frank McCoy, who was in charge of the ATAIU, was evident immediately because the initial names had a distinct hill-country flavour, such as Zeke, Rufe, Luke, Nate and others. The ATAIU quickly exhausted its list of hillbilly names and turned to names of friends and relatives.</p><br>
<p>Foreign designers and engineers had been widely employed in Japans aviation industry prior to 1935, after which a curtain of secrecy had been pulled over Japans aviation development. These new aircraft were being employed in the air war over China, with the first recorded crash of a Zero being made at Kunming, China in February 1941. It was not until a year later that enough information was gathered to be able to assign it the code name Zeke.</p><br>
<p>During the first six months of the war, technical intelligence information was almost non-existent due to Air Corps units being in constant retreat and lacking sufficient personnel. Once the Allies were on the offensive, downed enemy planes were able to be returned to flying condition by the ATAIU at Eagle Farm. Buna, in New Guinea, and Guadacanal, in the Solomons, were the first Allied land victories in the Pacific after nearly ten months of defeat.</p><br>
<p>Initially the field intelligence units inspected downed aircraft, but name plates were in Japanese and serial numbers were designed to be misleading, and few Allied field intelligence personnel read and understood Japanese. In many instances, the ATAIU relied on the assistance of indigenous work crews to retrieve the downed aircraft from remote areas and transport them to the coast, often dragging them through swamps or floating them down rivers on rafts.</p><br>
<p>A new version of the Zero, which served with the Japanese Naval units, was causing great concern, and battered examples were retrieved from the Buna-Gona area of New Guinea in January 1943. Field inspections gave some answers, but comparative rebuilding and trialing of it against Allied fighters, engaging in combat exercises, was needed. This aircraft was eventually named the Hamp (originally Hap after US Army Air Force Chief of Staff General Hap Arnold) and later named Zeke 32 when it was found to be a variant of Zeke 21, a Mitsubishi A6M3, Naval Type O Model 32 fighter. Australian ground forces were the first to come upon the new Zeke 32 when they occupied Buna airstrip on New Guinea in January 1943.</p><br>
<p>In most cases technical manuals were not available, so everything was worked out on a trial and error basis. The state of the art was quite common among all airplane manufacturers of that time. In most cases, Japanese flight instruments were replaced by US instruments for those aircraft intended for flight, but engine instruments were retained as they were calibrated for the function they served. US radio equipment and a new oxygen system also replaced Japanese types.</p><br>
<p>Captain William O Farrior became the first pilot to fly the earliest version of a rebuilt Hamp at Eagle Farm. The intended pilot was killed in a crash the same day, and Farrior was borrowed from a small group of 81st Air Depot test pilots and was to become well known for flying the early Japanese aircraft rebuilt at Eagle Farm. He later moved to Anacostia with the ATAIU and remained with intelligence his entire Air Force career. He first flew the Hamp over Brisbane for 30 minutes with the help of a captured Japanese pilot on 20 July 1943. An Allied aircraft always flew escort during tests of Japanese aircraft at Eagle Farm, and the Japanese aircraft were painted with their insignia to facilitate recognition photography. The Hamp (Zeke 32) was the first Japanese aircraft to be flown in simulated combat against top Allied fighter pilots.</p><br>
<p>Also flown at Eagle Farm were an Oscar Mk1 Nakajima Ki-43, first flown 17–18 March 1943, and later an Oscar Mk11 was put back in the air circa 4 July 1944. Another Oscar MK11 was flown to Eagle Farm from Hollandia circa July 1944. The Allies had captured the airfields at Hollandia on the northern coast of Dutch New Guinea circa June 1944. The Oscar was the workhorse of the Japanese Army.</p><br>
<p>A Tony, serialled by the ATAIU as XJ003, was also flown at Eagle Farm between 29 September and 7 October 1944. XJ was an acronym for Experimental Japanese Aircraft. The Tony was developed to use the licence-built Daimler Benz 601 inverted V12 liquid-cooled engine of the German Messerschmitt 109. The engine proved unreliable with the Japanese armed forces, suffering from continuing lubricating problems.</p><br>
<p>Bombers were also assembled at Eagle Farm, including a Betty land based bomber and a Sonia light bomber, however these were never flown.</p><br>
<p>The ATAIU were ordered back to the US in June 1944 to set up base at Hangar 151, Anacostia Naval Air Station at Washington, D.C, but the shift must have taken some months. During their service in Australia, the ATAIU had not encountered new Japanese aircraft that had been expected to be introduced, but rather improved versions of existing aircraft. The decision was made to consolidate all ATAIU activities, captured Japanese documents and nameplate analysis closer to the Pentagon. The unit travelled by Victory Ship to San Francisco then by a private train to Washington. They retained an intelligence gathering capability in the war zone, with field ATAI units in the SWPA, Pacific Ocean Area, Southeast Asia, China and India. Field ATAI units were headed by a trained officer and included aviation mechanics, photographers, radiomen, ordnancemen, and often translators.</p><br>
<p>When the war ended, so did the emphasis for further evaluation of these aircraft. In time, most of the aircraft were bulldozed, with a few being retained for museums.</p><br>
<h3>Post Second World War Developments at Eagle Farm</h3><br>
<p>The war brought about major changes in the roles of the three airfields in the Brisbane area. Eagle Farm became established as Brisbane Airport for all international and major domestic aviation services due to its location close to the City and the Port of Brisbane. Archerfield receded into a secondary role as a commuter airport and freight transport centre, and Amberley evolved as the major military base for the RAAF.</p><br>
<p>In January 1946 the Department of Air advised its post war requirements of Eagle Farm with the Department of Civil Aviation. In July 1947, the former US Army assets at Eagle Farm were transferred to the Department of Civil Aviation at a cost of £100,000. These included buildings 1,4,14,17, hangars 1,2,3,3A,4,5,6,7 and 8, as well as the SW-NE runway, the SE-NW runway and the WSW-ENE runway.</p><br>
<p>In December 1947, Eagle Farm was in the possession of the Department of Civil Aviation. Originally, the land had been acquired in the Department&#39;s name, but further areas were acquired through funds by the Department of Air. In April 1948, through the Commonwealth Disposals Commission, the Department of Civil Aviation took control of various assets erected for the RAAF at Eagle Farm from the Department of Air. In May 1949, the transfer took place of buildings, contents, equipment and services from the Commonwealth to the Department of Civil Aviation for £301,318. Hangar 7 was described as being 104x240 ft with frame timber trusses, weatherboard end walls, 23 pairs of eight pane clear glass casements, and 72 reinforced obscure glass skylights.</p><br>
<p>On 17 September 1947 hangar 7 was leased to Trans Australian Airlines as a cargo handling warehouse. On 21 October 1947 the insurance valuation of the igloo hangar with 24 ft of hard standing either side and 60 ft onto the apron was estimated to be £3700.</p><br>
<p>Hangar 8 was foreshortened and added to by the transfer of a saw-tooth roof steel trussed hangar from Archerfield in 1948. Drawings dated July 1947 show the dismantling of the western end of the hangar, with the western end being reassembled at the eastern end and an ex-Archerfield hangar No.25 added to the western end. The plan also shows the sites of future hangars 9 and 10.</p><br>
<p>In June 1949, alterations to hangar 7 and 10 (not yet built) for QANTAS were estimated to cost £21,527. Work to hangar 7 consisted of the construction of; a cafeteria (later lunchroom) and kitchen; male and female locker rooms and toilets; personnel officers and first aid room; welding shop, upholstery shop, dope shop and engineers school; partition walls; new external walls to half way line along each side in asbestos cement sheeting and corrugated iron roof with sashes doors; a lean-to addition on the western end and provision of showers and wc&#39;s; installation of new skylights and rotator vents in the roof; installation of cold room; check and repair trusses; installation of light and power to workshop section, engineering school and kitchen (electrical work); drainage (civil engineering); and mechanical services. Total cost was estimated to be £11,769.0.0. A covered walkway was also proposed to link hangar 10 which was being built adjacent to the west, and the western aircraft doorway was enclosed.</p><br>
<p>Expenditure for the works was approved by the Minister for Civil Aviation in October 1949. The whole of the QANTAS Empire Airways DC3 fleet servicing and maintenance, and certificates of air worthiness, were being carried out in Brisbane. Because of the congestion at Archerfield, QANTAS was obliged to occupy Hangar 10 with a lack of facilities or security. In November 1949, QANTAS were occupying the western end of hangar 7 adjoining hangar 10. The majority of the work to the two hangars was completed c. 1952.</p><br>
<p>Following QANTAS&#39; relocation to the International Terminal in 1975, TAA took over the entire hangar as their air cargo facility. Further internal and external alterations included administration offices to the southwest, and steel framed skillion roofed extension to the north. Eagle Farm served as Brisbane Airport until 1988 with the commissioning of a new complex 5 km to the northeast, at which time most major wartime structures were extant. With the opening of the new Domestic Terminal in 1988, the hangar 7 was vacated by Australian Airlines. Since 1991, hangar 7 has been used for warehousing purposes.</p><br>
<p>The hangars at eagle Farm have been used for airline terminal buildings, baggage handling facilities and amenities facilities.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Second World War Hangar No.7, located fronting Terminal Drive to the south on the site of the old Brisbane Airport, is a timber truss igloo structure with ribbed sheet metal cladding. The structure is the last surviving Second World War timber truss igloo hangar at Eagle Farm.</p><br>
<p>The igloo is a form of light nailed hardwood timber arch construction, where each arch is made up of two half arches more or less freely pinned at two abutments close to ground level and at a central or crown pin. Each half arch consists of two adjacent trusses laced together at top and bottom chord level and each truss consists of a top and bottom chord laced together in arch form. As a result, each half truss is made up of four main timber chords sprung into arch form, and light timber bracing nailed in position to form a curved open-latticed box truss.</p><br>
<p>Hangar 7 faces east-west, and skillion roof additions have been added along the southern and northern sides. The southern side forms the main entry, and consists of a long skillion roof addition along most of this elevation, housing office accommodation, with ribbed metal wall cladding and metal framed glazing. A higher skillion at the eastern end of this elevation houses five metal doors for freight access.</p><br>
<p>The eastern end has ribbed metal wall cladding and two large metal doors for freight access surmounted by translucent ribbed sheeting. Sections of weatherboard cladding remain at the southeast corner. The northern side has a large steel framed skillion roofed addition with ribbed metal wall cladding, with storage at the northwest end and amenities at the western end.</p><br>
<p>The western end has weatherboard cladding with a single large doorway for freight access. This end originally faced the runway apron (straight six) and consisted of a central wide doorway with folding doors and high-level glazing. The high level glazing now has aluminium louvred infill, and a covered walkway linking the adjacent hangar 10 is used for covered car parking.</p><br>
<p>Internally, the building has a concrete floor throughout and exposed unpainted timber truss arches. Sections of the roof have translucent sheeting for light, and the eastern end is supported by scaffolding. The single-storeyed office accommodation along the southwest projects into the space, and is constructed in hardboard sheeting and is surmounted by air handling equipment. The hangar is currently used for freight storage.</p><br>
<p>Hangar 7 is surrounded by bitumen surfaces, with carparking to the south fronting Terminal Drive, and container storage areas to the north.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Second World War Hangar No. 7 was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 7 February 2005 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Second World War Hangar No.7 was constructed in 1942 to house the work of the Allied Technical Air Intelligence Unit which involved the technical examination, reconstruction and simulated combat trials of captured Japanese aircraft. The ATAIU was formed to collect technical information on aircraft with which to develop combat techniques to counter the Japanese, and their work was integral to the Allied victory in the South West Pacific Area.</p><br>
<p>The development of hangar 7 for the ATAIU, and of Eagle Farm as an aircraft assembly depot and aerodrome, is a result of a shift in Australian foreign policy in December 1941, when Prime Minister Curtin announced that Australia now looked to America free of the United Kingdom to shape a plan with the United States as its cornerstone. As a result, the RAAF was placed under the control of General Douglas MacArthur in April 1942. This contrasts with the previous role of Eagle Farm as part of an RAAF Elementary Flying Training School from 1940 which serviced the Empire Air Training Scheme to provide airmen for the defence of Britain.</p><br>
<p>The hangar is representative of the massive wartime infrastructure constructed at and around Eagle Farm, the existence of which resulted in the Eagle Farm aircraft assembly depot and aerodrome becoming the Brisbane Airport after the Second World War.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The hangar is the last surviving of its type at Eagle Farm, and is one of the few extant Second World War structures which demonstrate the site&#39;s former role as a major aircraft assembly depot and aerodrome, and the contribution of that function to the defence of the South West Pacific Area.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The hangar is an example of a timber truss igloo structure and represents an advancement in timber technology achieved during the Second World War, which enabled long span lightweight structures utilising hand nailed timber in small sectional chord sizes to be erected quickly and at low cost.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The hangar is substantially intact internally, and through its form, scale and materials, makes an aesthetic contribution to the surrounding industrial landscape.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating a high degree of creative or technical achievement at a particular period.</p><br>
<p>The hangar is an example of a timber truss igloo structure and represents an advancement in timber technology achieved during the Second World War, which enabled long span lightweight structures utilising hand nailed timber in small sectional chord sizes to be erected quickly and at low cost.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The hangar has been associated with the development of the Brisbane Airport until 1988, especially as a facility for QANTAS who have been associated with Eagle Farm from 1926.</p><br>
<p>Gyldenløves Høj is the highest point on Sjælland, 125.5 m above mean sea level.</p><br>
<p>It is located in the Bidstrup forests in the parish of Jystrup between Ringsted og Hvalsø.</p><br>
<p>Gyldenløves Høj is named after Ulrik Gyldenløve, half-brother of Christian V and owner of the nearby Skjoldenæsholm. In the late 17th century he raised an artificial hill on the original hilltop. Without this Gyldenløves Høj would be only 121.3 m above mean sea level placing it below Kobanke at Rønnede.</p><br>
<p>During World War II the allies airdropped weapons for the resistance movement at the hill.</p><br>
<p>The hill is surrounded by trees obscuring the view and the fact that the hill is the highest point on Sjælland. During winter there is a bit of a view to the West.</p><br>
<p>There is a Triangulation station marked GS (Generalstaben) at the foot of the artificial part of the hill.</p><br>
<h2>Memorial Stone</h2><br>
<p>The artificial part of the hill can be scaled via stone steps that lead up to a memorial stone over four fallen resistance members who received allied airdropped weapons at the hill during World War II.</p><br>
<p>The stone was raised by their comrades, translated from Danish the inscription reads:</p><br>
<p>ERIK BRIAND CLAUSEN</p><br>
<p>B. 24.1.1901 SHOT BY THE GERMANS 29.3.1945</p><br>
<p>POUL KRISTIANSEN</p><br>
<p>B. 20.1.1897 DIED IN GERMAN CONCENTRATION CAMP 29.3.1945</p><br>
<p>GEORG BROCKHOFF QUISTGAARD</p><br>
<p>B. 19.2.1915 SHOT BY THE GERMANS 20.5.1944</p><br>
<p>HOLGER SØNDERUP</p><br>
<p>B. 4.3.1901 DIED IN GERMAN CONCENTRATION CAMP 27.1.1945</p><br>
<p>THEY GAVE THEIR LIVES IN THE FIGHT FOR DENMARK&#39;S FREEDOM</p><br>
<p>The rear side of the stone bears the inscription:</p><br>
<p>RECEIVED WEAPONS DROPPED BY ALLIED PLANES</p><br>
<p>AT GYLDENLØVESHØJ</p><br>
<p>COMRADES RAISED THIS MEMORIAL</p><br>
<p>The Residence at 41 Abbott Street is a heritage-listed detached house in New Farm, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Robin Dods and built in 1900. It is also known as Hart Residence and Narallen. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 28 April 2000.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The residence was designed by Robin Dods as a rental house for his mother, and constructed in 1900. The residence was built adjacent to Dods&#39; own house.</p><br>
<p>With the closure of the Moreton Bay penal settlement in 1842 Brisbane was opened up for free settlement; however, surveyors had begun subdivision plans for the New Farm area as early as 1839 and large acreage blocks were auctioned through the 1840s and 1850s. Throughout the 1850s the adjacent Fortitude Valley had begun to develop into a residential area, as more suburban allotments were offered for sale. The push towards New Farm was slow and did not take hold until the mid-1860s. Barrister and later Queensland Premier, Samuel Griffith purchased part of New Farm in 1870. Queensland National Bank manager, Edward Robert Drury joined the gathering social elite in 1875, purchasing acreage and constructing his residence on Bowen Terrace. Suburban residential development had extended solidly onto the New Farm peninsula by 1883-1884. This growth was accompanied by the introduction of a public transport system which was to have a major impact on Brisbanes suburban development. In 1884 the privately owned Metropolitan Tramway and Investment Company laid Brisbanes first tram tracks. Electrification of the tramway system in Brisbane commenced in 1895. By this time, although industries were established in the New Farm area, significant residential development had continued. Private buses also provided residents with transport in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.</p><br>
<p>The Deed of Grant for the land on which the residence was to be built was granted to John McConnell in January 1845. Title for the property was transferred to Elizabeth Gray Marks, mother of Robin Dods, in June 1899. The following year, Dods had designed houses for himself and his mother. Situated on adjoining properties, these were constructed in 1900. Elizabeth Marks died in July 1908, however, the house stayed within the family for the next 70 years.</p><br>
<p>Dods, together with Francis Richard Hall, practising as Hall and Dods, is credited with achieving "an architectural revolution in Brisbane." For his houses and smaller buildings, Dods reassessed local timber construction, refining familiar elements. His planning and detailing of verandahs and external stairs and his ventilated roofs and gable decorations were widely imitated. Other ideas, such as his use of blind bay windows on narrow sites and his weatherboard enclosure of stumps, remain characteristic of his work alone.</p><br>
<p>The residence has been identified as forming part of the Significant Character Items outlined in Brisbane City Councils New Farm Teneriffe Hill Heritage and Character Study, within the Sydney Street precinct. Sydney Street is one of the earliest streets established in New Farm. A number of important architect designed houses occur along its tree lined length and in the streets to either side. From Brunswick Street, Sydney Street, rises gently up to Abbott Street. Dods own house was sold when he moved to Sydney in 1913 and was demolished when a block of units was constructed. Some alterations have been undertaken to the Abbott Street residence; however, the house is still reasonably intact and remains as a good example of Dods&#39; domestic architecture.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The residence is a single-storey timber building, with brick fireplaces and chimneys, with a steeply pitched corrugated iron roof. An upper floor with a dormer window, added in 1999, faces Abbott Street. The eastern and northern elevations have verandahs and the western elevation extends over a laundry built at ground level with timber lattice work for additional protection. The verandah remains substantially intact, apart from a section near the kitchen which has been enclosed.</p><br>
<p>Internally, rooms open to adjacent verandahs with wide French doors with breezeway assemblies. The dining room has a fireplace with marble surrounds and a "blind" bay window - a device Dods used to facilitate views towards the street or garden, but not towards the neighbouring house. The kitchen has a bay window, which is a recent addition, along the southern wall.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Residence, Abbot Street was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 28 April 2000 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The residence is significant in demonstrating the continued growth of the New Farm area in the early part of the 20th century, following solid suburban residential development in the mid-1880s.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The residence displays many characteristics which Dods valued in domestic architecture. These characteristics include a concern for climate, illustrated by the orientation and planning, provision of verandahs and large doors and the large, sheltering roof with ventilated ridge; concern for tradition, illustrated by the timber construction, well crafted from quality materials; concern for proportion and detail, evident in the substantial verandah posts and brackets. Internally, the blind bay window, characteristic of Dods&#39; work, is still extant.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The residence is significant for it contribution to the historic Sydney Street precinct, which incorporates Abbott Street. Apart from the loss of Dods&#39; own house, much of the original housing stock remains.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The residence has been identified as forming part of the Significant Character Items outlined in Brisbane City Council&#39;s New Farm Teneriffe Hill Heritage and Character Study.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The residence was designed by Robin Dods, generally acknowledged as one of the best architects to practice in Brisbane. Dods is noted for the introduction of new ideas on architectural design which were then current in the United Kingdom which, subsequently, influenced Australian architecture.</p><br>
<p>University of Queensland Mayne Medical School is a heritage-listed university building at 288 Herston Road, Herston, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Raymond Clare Nowland and built from 1938 to 1939. It is also known as University of Queensland Medical School. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 24 June 1999.</p><br>
<p>The Marks-Hirschfeld Museum of Medical History is located within the building. Operated by volunteers, it has a collection of over 7,000 items of medical memorabilia, medical and surgical instruments. The focus is on the study of medical history in Queensland, but the collection includes items with broader significance to both Australia and internationally.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>A monumental, three-storey, red facebrick building in a Renaissance idiom occupying a ridge adjacent to the Royal Brisbane Hospital and overlooking Victoria Park at Herston, the Mayne Medical School was opened by the Premier of Queensland, Hon. William Forgan Smith, on 11 August 1939.</p><br>
<p>The establishment of the Mayne Medical School was a significant moment for the State of Queensland and for the medical profession.</p><br>
<p>There were earnest attempts to form a medical school for Queensland over many decades. During the 1870s and 1880s medical personnel from the Brisbane Hospital and the British Medical Association in Queensland advocated the establishment of a medical school. In 1893 the President of the Queensland Medical Society renewed calls for the establishment of a university and a faculty of medicine. In 1913, in the early days of the newly formed University of Queensland, there were further pleas for a medical school.</p><br>
<p>In 1935, the Forgan Smith Government appointed a committee to investigate proposals to create a Faculty of Medicine within the University. When the Faculty of Medicine was established, the Government agreed to fund the building of a medical school despite the committee recommendation that makeshift provisions for accommodation were to be preferred to further delay in its establishment: "...the Government, after due consideration, decided to provide buildings worthy of the new venture". Recognised as the founders of the Faculty of Medicine, Ernest Sandford Jackson, Ernest James Goddard, James Vincent Duhig and Errol Solomon Meyers were instrumental in convincing the Government to fund the construction of the Medical School.</p><br>
<p>Meyers was an ardent campaigner for the establishment of a Medical School for Queensland and was actively involved in medical education throughout his professional life. He initiated the first postgraduate courses for medicine in Queensland, was instrumental in the formation of an Anatomy School, became the first licensed anatomist in Queensland, was actively engaged in the establishment of the Faculty of Dentistry at the University of Queensland and was member of the first Faculty of Dentistry. Meyers, second Dean of the Faculty of Medicine from 1942 to 1955, presided over an era of significant change and in this founding role is recognised for his major contribution to the establishment and development of medical education in Queensland. The galleried lecture theatre in the Medical School has been named the ES Meyers Lecture Theatre in his honour.</p><br>
<p>The importance of medical research, particularly into tropical medicine, was a significant impetus for the establishment of the Medical School. Work undertaken by Dr Raphael Cilento on leptospiral disease among cane cutters had a significant impact on Premier Forgan Smith and was instrumental in convincing him of the need for Queensland to train its own doctors and provide specialist training in tropical medicine. Professor Ernest James Goddard, Professor of Biology in the University of Queensland, had a professional interest in tropical biology and campaigned for research and training in tropical health and urged the establishment of faculties in Medicine and Veterinary Science to facilitate such work.</p><br>
<p>The Forgan Smith Government was a major force in the expansion of the University and the construction of the Medical School was part of the building program initiated by the Government within the overall development of the University of Queensland. Forgan Smith demonstrated a particular interest in the establishment of a Medical School, recognising its importance for the practice of medicine in the State and as a prestigious project within his Governments building program. Together with the provision of hospitals and maternity clinics; dental clinics and the Dental Hospital and College; the Medical School was part of the Governments commitment to providing universal health care to Queensland. The importance to the Government of the establishment of the Medical School is clear in this comment by Ned Hanlon, Minister for Health and Home Affairs, at the commencement of construction: "Queensland had a wonderful future... For a community, the building up of a university and a faculty (of Medicine) were of supreme importance... the Government could be proud that they had brought a complete university into practical politics...". Mr Hanlon said the building (Medical School) would be well in keeping with the purpose for which it was being erected. It would not only be adequate, but would be of a dignified character.</p><br>
<p>Comment about the new Medical School included as a feature of architectural dignity and importance the new Medical School, erected by the State Public Works Department, provides a most interesting study to all those interested in the development of Brisbane.</p><br>
<p>The Medical School was constructed during an intensive public works building program undertaken by the Forgan Smith Labor Government in Queensland during the 1930s to counter the effects of the Great Depression. Design responsibility for the Medical School was assigned to Raymond Clare Nowland, an architect in the Department of Public Works (DPW). Raymond Clare Nowland joined the architectural office of the DPW in November 1932 where he became a senior architect in 1938. He produced the most significant buildings of his career between 1932 and 1942 including the University of Queensland Medical School, Herston (1939); Brisbane Dental Hospital and College (1941); Police Barracks, Petrie Terrace (1942); Cairns Court House Complex (1945); Rockhampton Court and Administrative Complex; Toowoomba Police Station Complex; and Maryborough Government Offices Building.</p><br>
<p>This design for the Medical School was developed after extensive consultation with members of the Faculty of Medicine and research into the design and operation of medical schools and colleges in America. The design was based on the model for medical education advocated by the Rockefeller Foundation which emphasised laboratory training in the basic medical sciences and use of hospitals for clinical training. The planning of the Medical School, with its specialist laboratories and proximity to the General Hospital, reflects this approach.</p><br>
<p>The first sketch plans for the proposed Medical School were prepared by Nowland in February 1936. A modest, three-storey, brick and concrete building "in an adaption of the Romanesque style" accommodating teaching spaces for an envisioned 150 students was sited on the northern part of the site adjacent to the Brisbane General Hospital with the main entrance to Weightman Street. This design was rejected by the Faculty of Medicine who suggested that "a simple Greek front with double columns on either side of the main entrance porch would give the building a more dignified and characteristic appearance and would look better and more striking from a distance". New sketch plans were prepared for a much larger scheme "for a three-storey building of brick, concrete and steel structure with flat roofs in the Renaissance Style" again to the rear of the site but with the main entrance to Herston Road. The School was constructed to this design except that the lantern roof was replaced with a dome. The building has been planned to accommodate further wings to each end.</p><br>
<p>The monumentality and civic grandeur given to the Medical School reflect the importance of the building to the Government, to the University of Queensland and to the medical profession.</p><br>
<p>When the building opened the ground floor contained: the main hall; main office; various laboratories and associated facilities including a mortuary. The library, laboratories, lecture rooms, associated offices and equipment rooms occupied the first floor. The second floor accommodated the main galleried lecture theatre, museum, two laboratories and associated support rooms. An animal house stood on the flat roof to the west. Consideration had been given to the provision of services and use of suitable materials to facilitate the effective operation of the building. All windows except those on the south-east were glazed with anti-actinic glass of a soft bluish-green to counteract the glare and reduce heat transmission. Other services and fittings included sound-proofing, ventilating systems, refrigeration, stainless steel and chromium-plated fittings, and specialised electrical and drainage systems. A double wall running the length of the building to the rear corridor houses horizontal and vertical service ducts. Furniture and fittings throughout the building are of Queensland timbers and were constructed in the Government&#39;s Ipswich Road Workshop.</p><br>
<p>There is finely crafted decorative work throughout the public spaces including stained timber panelling and decorative carved timber work to the entrance lobbies and hall, decorative plaster work to walls and ceilings, leadlight and cut glass work to doors and fanlights.</p><br>
<p>Since 1939, all medical students at the University of Queensland have passed beneath the decorative elliptical arch between main entrance hall and the rear corridor which bears the inscription articulating the philosophy upon which the School was established "cum pietate et sanctitate hanc artem meam profitebor" freely translated as "May all members of the general community profit by the art and skill of those who learn, with deference and respect, their profession in this place."</p><br>
<p>The building has been altered including refurbishment of the galleried lecture theatre, library, some offices and laboratory areas and the roof accommodation. An annexe has been constructed to the east with a direct connecting link to the Medical School and a research and teaching facility has been erected to the west separated from the School building by an open walkway. The exterior of the building is substantially intact. The alterations have diminished the interiors and distorted some internal spatial relationships but much original internal fabric remains including the main entrance hall and main office, the rear entrance porch and telephone booth, terrazzo flooring throughout the building including fine examples of terrazzo in the entrances, panelling, joinery including doors and windows, shelving, furniture, anti-actinic glazing to the windows and leadlight and cut glass decorative glazing to doors and fanlights. Although altered internally, the building retains overall spatial integrity and continues to function as a teaching and research facility for medical education in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The Medical School has been associated with the training of medical graduates from the University of Queensland since 1939 and is recognised for its achievements in teaching, service and research. The School has exerted a significant influence on the teaching hospitals in Queensland and research groups associated with the School continue to make major contributions to medical science.</p><br>
<p>On the deaths of brother and sister Dr James O&#39;Neil Mayne (1939) and Mary Emelia Mayne (1940), their substantial estates were bequeathed to the Medical School. The name Mayne Medical School is a recognition of these bequests which continue to fund the medical school to this day through assets such as the Brisbane Arcade.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Opened in 1939, the University of Queensland Medical School is an imposing, three-storey, red facebrick building in a Renaissance style occupying a commanding position on the northern ridge of a sloping triangular-shaped site of over six acres in Herston Road, Brisbane adjacent to the western boundary of the Royal Brisbane Hospital.</p><br>
<p>Approached by a steep driveway from Herston Road, a wide sweep of concrete stairs arrives at the main pedimented, temple-front portico entrance containing six giant order columns in a Doric order sitting on a rusticated base of arches framing the porch entrance. Two large decorative bronze lamps flank the central arch entrance to the portico which is marked by a large scroll keystone lettered above with the words "University of Queensland". A single range, the building is symmetrical about this entrance and rests on a rendered rusticated base, has regular bays of plain, flat-arched sash windows with rendered sills to each level and an entablature containing large mutules over a plain frieze containing the lettering "The Medical School". The tympanum contains a carved stone shield. A solid parapet above the cornice screens the accommodation on the flat roofs.</p><br>
<p>The rear elevation is symmetrical about a projecting broken pedimented entrance dominated by the lift tower which is emphasised by relieved rendered quoining. A small flight of concrete steps flanked by freestanding decorative wrought iron lamps arrives at the entrance porch which is sheltered by a moulded concrete awning supported by large console brackets. Repetitive rhythmic detailing of flat arched timber sash windows to this elevation gives it a stark presence to the street. The elevation is disrupted by the later flights of open metal fire stairs to the east and west ends.</p><br>
<p>The building is crowned with a 12-segment copper roofed dome over the central portico entrance block. The former flat roof to the east now accommodates offices, additional office and research accommodation has been erected to the west flat roof and both areas are now roofed with copper sheeted low pitched gable roofs.</p><br>
<p>Two open light wells to each side of the central entrance block ventilate and light adjacent offices, the ground floor toilet areas and the rear corridor.</p><br>
<p>The building is organised by a single-loaded corridor to the rear, the main rooms are entered from the organising corridor and subsidiary rooms are accessed from transverse passages. The vertical rises are on axis with the main entrance.</p><br>
<p>The concrete landing of the portico entrance opens through a set of double timber panelled doors into a small lobby which opens into the main entrance hall. A doorbell button is located to the left of the lobby entrance doors within the portico. The lobby is decorated with carved timber work to the panelled door surrounds, has a decorative cut glass fanlight to the main timber panelled doors and rosette pateras to the each side of the fanlight. The floors to the lobby and entrance hall are finished with red, green and yellow terrazzo in geometric patterns and the walls are panelled with stained timber to picture rail height. A decorative elliptical arch marks the junction of the hall and the rear corridor. The inscription within the moulded plaster architrave reads "CUM PIETATE ET SANCTITATE HANC ARTEM MEAM PROFITEBOR". The ceiling is decorated with a plaster relief border of tied straight twigs.</p><br>
<p>The central stairwell weaves around the lift well and has terrazzo treads and landings and features a grooved silky oak handrail with scrolled ends. The original lift is encased within a decorative lattice metal cage and retains its original interior. The lift operator lever mechanism within the lift chamber has been dismantled.</p><br>
<p>The rear entrance lobby has a fine terrazzo floor in red, green and yellow, has stained timber wall panelling and features a timber and glass public telephone booth to the southwest corner.</p><br>
<p>The toilets to the ground and second floors retain fine terrazzo flooring and privacy screens.</p><br>
<p>Original terrazzo sills to former ground floor laboratory areas remain. The large timber sash windows to the perimeter of the building have generous timber sills to the interiors and provide substantial light to offices, laboratories and the rear corridor. Windows to the corridor and east and west elevation retain much of the original blue-green tinted anti-actinic glazing.</p><br>
<p>The committee room to the southwest corner of the second floor retains original timber panelling and is now an office.</p><br>
<p>The library on the first floor has been altered and is now a meeting room with adjacent offices and catering area. This area opens onto the southern balcony, which affords sweeping views across Victoria Park, Victoria Park Golf Course, Queensland University of Technology Kelvin Grove Campus and over towards Gregory Terrace and beyond to Mt Coot-tha. Shelving and display cupboards from the ground floor have been relocated to the former library. The doors to the balcony have a shallow external awning supported by decorative consoles and are flanked by bronze torch globe lamps. The balcony is defined by the giant order columns separated by decorative wrought iron balustrading. Both sets of doors to the former library have decorative leadlight glazing panels and fanlights.</p><br>
<p>The first floor laboratory remains in use as a teaching laboratory and retains original display and storage cupboards. The benches have been altered and the internal space diminished by the insertion of a false ceiling and servicing.</p><br>
<p>The original double wall containing service ducts and wiring with sliding access door to the top remains to each floor.</p><br>
<p>The grassed and tree planted slopes to each side of the main driveway from Herston Road enhance the impressive elevated siting of the School and establish a dramatic forestage for viewing the School from Herston Road, Bramston Terrace and beyond while providing a shady retreat for hospital visitors, students and School and Hospital personnel.</p><br>
<p>A fence of solid shaped concrete piers with decorative wrought iron balustrading runs along the boundary to Weightman Street with sets of decorative wrought iron gates to the pedestrian entrance on the upper terrace and the garage entrance at the lower end. The grounds to the rear of the building are formed into two lawn terraces separated by a substantial retaining wall with a flight of concrete stairs. There are clipped lawns and round garden beds planted with roses to the upper terrace and a number of shade trees to each terrace. Planted edge gardens flank the path from Weightman Street to the rear entrance. A laneway at basement level provides access to the ground floor motor room.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>University of Queensland Medical School was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 24 June 1999 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Opened in 1939 as the foundation building for the Faculty of Medicine, the University of Queensland Medical School is important in the development of medical education in Queensland and demonstrates the development of the Faculty of Medicine and the University of Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The Medical School is important for its association with the extensive public works building program of the Forgan Smith Government during the 1930s and in particular the Government&#39;s contribution to the development of the University of Queensland and public health services in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The Medical School is one of the most notable buildings in the body of public buildings designed by the Department of Public Works in Queensland and one of an impressive suite of important educational buildings erected throughout Queensland designed in a classical idiom.</p><br>
<p>The Medical School is recognised for its achievements in teaching, service and research. The School has exerted a significant influence on the teaching hospitals in Queensland and research groups associated with the School continue to make major contributions to medical science.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The University of Queensland Medical School is important as the only medical school in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The planning and siting of the building is important in demonstrating the adoption of the American model for training medical practitioners which advocated increased laboratory training in basic medical sciences and the use of hospitals for clinical training. The walking and visual links with the Herston Hospital Complex are important in maintaining this association.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The Medical School has aesthetic and architectural significance. Occupying a commanding position on a triangular site of approximately 6 acres adjacent to the western boundary of the Royal Brisbane Hospital, this grand public building with its symmetrical massing and repetitive rhythmic detailing has a monumental street presence. The views to the place from adjacent properties and from Herston Road are important in maintaining the monumentality of the place. The place is important for the vistas it affords across Victoria Park, Victoria Park Golf Course and Queensland University of Technology Kelvin Grove Campus towards Gregory Terrace and west to Mt Coot-tha; and the sweeping vista and breathtaking views across the north of Brisbane.</p><br>
<p>The building has a substantially intact exterior and is important for its remaining fine rare interiors including the main entrance hall, the rear entrance hall, lift and liftwell, the central stairwell, toilets, joinery including doors and windows, architraves and skirtings, shelving, panelling, furniture, anti-actinic glazing to the windows, decorative leadlight and cut glass glazing to doors and fanlights. The arch within the main entrance hall is important for articulating the philosophical ideals upon which the Medical School was established "CUM PIETATE ET SANCTITATE HANC ARTEM MEAM PROFITEBOR".</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The Medical School is important in the training of medical students and has a special association with medical students from the University of Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Medical School is important for its association with prominent medical practitioners and scientists including ES Meyers, ES Jackson, EJ Goddard, JV Duhig and R Cilento.</p><br>
<p>The Medical School is important for its association with the work of the architect Raymond Clare Nowland. The Medical School is one of the most notable buildings designed by Nowland, an architect of considerable talent working in the Department of Public Works during the period of extensive public works building in the 1930s.</p><br>
<p>Torbreck, or the Torbreck Home Units, was the first high-rise and mix-use residential development in Queensland, Australia. These heritage-listed home units are located at 182 Dornoch Terrace, Highgate Hill, Brisbane. Designed by architects Aubrey Horswill Job and Robert Percival Froud , construction began in 1957 and was completed three years later in 1960 by Noel Austin Kratzmann. The project acquired the name Torbreck to recognise a small, gabled timber cottage that previously occupied the site . It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 17 December 1999.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Torbreck was erected in 1958-1960 to the design of Brisbane architects Aubrey Horswill Job and Robert Percival Froud and comprised two stages; a low rise Garden Block to Chermside Street and a high rise Tower Block to Dornoch Terrace. Importantly, it was the first multi-storeyed home unit development in Queensland, constructed when Brisbanes Building Ordinances had no provision for home units, and advertised at the time as the greatest single contribution to home development in the state. When first promoted in 1957, the scheme received support from Queensland Premier Frank Nicklin, who saw this high-density, inner urban residential development as an important contribution toward curbing Brisbanes urban sprawl.</p><br>
<p>Though initially Torbreck was only designed so far as a single perspective sketch, the project drew headlines, due to intense publicity efforts of developer Rowley Pimley. As the first high-rise residential project in Queensland, Torbreck received a considerable amount of public interest and media coverage throughout its inception and construction. It made several headlines from October 1957, to 1960, when construction was completed and residents began moving in. Public response and interest in the project was greater than anything earlier in Brisbane&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The design project and planning began in 1957 at the request of Rowley Pym. The capital used to fund construction was drawn from pre-sales of units, prompting an unprecedented level of media attention to the tower. The project was considerably rushed, encountering many financial difficulties and administrative errors.</p><br>
<p>Torbreck Pty Ltd, which became Torbreck Home Units Ltd from mid-1960, was formed in 1957, and was headed by accountant Wilfred Charles Betts, builder Noel Austin Kratzmann, and solicitor Sholto Douglas. The aim of this company was to promote and construct a new type of Queensland residential accommodation; the multi-storeyed home unit complex. Torbreck Kratzman Pty Ltd., the company formed to build the apartments declared bankruptcy prior to the construction of the tower block, and the project was sold to Reid Murray Developments in 1959, which consequently went into liquidation before the project was completed.The original sponsor of the scheme was Rowley Pym, a former Western Queensland fencing contractor, whose grandmother is understood to have owned the first Torbreck, a house whose name meant top of the hill. Title to this Dornoch Terrace site was transferred to the company in mid-1958. The blocks facing Chermside Street were acquired in 1961-62.</p><br>
<p>The home unit complex was designed by Queensland architects AH Job & RP Froud. Their work was influenced by post-Second World War International Style, particularly the North American model, which had a strong impact on architecture in Queensland in the 1950s. WG Alexander & HV Browne were the structural engineers.</p><br>
<p>Torbreck was erected by NA Kratzmann Pty Ltd, one of the largest building contractors in Queensland by the late 1950s. The eight-storeyed garden block was constructed using the lift-slab technique, whereby the roof and floors were prefabricated on the ground, then hoisted into position by jacks mounted on the vertical wall supports. This construction technique had not been used in Queensland before. The fourteen-storeyed tower block was erected along more conventional lines.</p><br>
<p>Rowley Pym formed Torbreck Real Estate Brokers to market the new development, and most of the units were sold before the complex was completed. Purchasers paid a one-third deposit, then the balance was paid in four instalments during the construction period. Owners became investors in the company, receiving £1 shares in Torbreck Home Units Limited to the value of the purchase price. Directors of the company were, and still are, elected from among the unit owners. Despite strata title having been available in Queensland since 1965, Torbreck remains under company title.</p><br>
<p>Torbreck introduced to Queensland a new concept in residential accommodation. The promotional literature offered Queenslanders a share of the American dream that had reached Australia via the Hollywood cinema: spectacular views, an acre of landscaped gardens, and luxurious, convenient, secure, private accommodation, with an estimated running cost to each owner of 10/- per week. Each floor was serviced by the latest in automatic lifts, and each unit owner was to be provided with a private garage and mail box. Each of the 150 home units was designed with at least one private balcony, and was fitted with built-ins, electric kitchen, two telephone connections (bedroom and lounge), sewerage and garbage disposal facilities, washing machine and clothes drier. Water, pumped from the city reservoirs to large storage tanks on the roof, was treated by the latest in American water-softening equipment. Television reception was available, and a swimming pool was constructed in the grounds.</p><br>
<p>Due to spiralling construction costs and/or lack of Brisbane City Council approval, some of the more elaborate aspects of the scheme had to be abandoned: shopping facilities and professional suites at ground level; basement laundry service; a top-class restaurant offering room service; a terrace cafe; roof and indoor gardens; and a tennis court, putting green and fully equipped children&#39;s playground. A planned rooftop observation lounge translated as an enclosed rooftop viewing deck.</p><br>
<p>However, the project captured public imagination even before construction commenced. By May 1958, "Torbreck" had become the most popular lottery syndicate name in Brisbane. By mid-1959, the developers were sufficiently confident in the success of Torbreck to announce preliminary plans and schematic designs for Torbreck-Surfers Paradise and Torbreck-Burleigh. Neither of these developments eventuated, but Torbreck opened the Queensland market for home units. Other projects to follow included Camden along Kingsford Smith Drive, Glenfalloch in New Farm, and Kinkabool at Surfers Paradise. In order to market the property, the developers Reid Murray Developments Pty Ltd published a small brochure detailing the attributes of Torbreck and providing floor plans to the seven types of flats available in the tower block. This document recognises the "commanding and panoramic views of Brisbane, coupled with the full benefit of cooling breezes" offered by the units.</p><br>
<p>In 1962/1963 the Royal Australian Institute of Architects (Queensland Chapter) awarded AH Job and RP Froud with a commendation for the Garden Block at Torbreck. The partnership were awarded other RAIA awards including for Residences of a High Standard for the McDough Residence, Fig Tree Pocket also in 1962/3; and a commendation for the Lane Residence, St Lucia in 1965.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Prominently located on the crest of Highgate Hill, Torbreck is a landmark, visible from many places in Brisbane. It is a soft-modernist high-rise building, located between Dornoch Terrace and Chermside Street, on approximately 6,521m (70,191.5 sq. feet) of land. The building itself covers approximately 1,749.15m of land (18,827.7 sq. feet), with 150 individual units, totalling 19,892.78m2 in floor area. It comprises two modernist-influenced reinforced concrete and brick buildings on a one and a half acre site which slopes steeply to the north: an eighteen storey, south-facing Tower Block, and a long, narrow, eight storey north-facing Garden Block. The former features panoramic views of Brisbane city, while the latter overlooks a landscaped garden and communal swimming pool. The tower block sits on four levels of garages and storage areas, and is crowned by a glazed observation room. The Tower Block links at foyer level to the top floor of the Garden Block. The Garden Block is eight-storeyed; it fronts onto lawns and a pool, and is also accessed from Chermside St. The stepping of the buildings on the site optimises the northerly aspect and views.</p><br>
<p>The external form of the Tower Block comprises vertically articulated concrete bays projecting out to the cardinal points from a brick core. It has full length verandahs to the north and south, and balconies facing east and west, including "Romeo and Juliet" balconies, angled out to catch glimpses of the southern views. The eastern and western bays have full height wide blue steel louvres flanked by textured concrete panels. The building rests on a concrete-louvred plinth, and steps up to meet the observation tower at its pinnacle. The garden block is a long rectangular building with verandahs to the north and walkway access to the south, which overlooks gardens with lawned areas, trees and a kidney shaped pool. It has brick walls to the east and west. All the brickwork on Torbreck is patterned and textured with projecting bricks.</p><br>
<p>The Dornoch Terrace entrance comprises a tiled undercroft with substantial square columns, adjacent to a leasable space with a faceted glass wall. This entrance links, via a waiting lounge, lift lobby, corridor and concrete bridge, to a large concrete viewing terrace on the top storey of the Garden Block. The Garden Block is entered via a porte cochere and glazed foyer in the undercroft.</p><br>
<p>Torbreck has 150 units, including bedsits, one, two and three bedroom units, and penthouse flats, with brick and reinforced concrete party walls. The Tower Block has a typical plan comprising four units forming a rectangle around a service core, with a single unit wing extending to the north and a double unit wing extending to the south. The typical plan of the Garden Block has seven adjacent units. The units are skilfully planned, optimising both space and views. The units have full-height timber sliding doors leading onto tiled balconies.</p><br>
<p>The building contains some details which are well-considered in relation to climate and human occupation. The balconies and verandahs have concrete planters with sloped steel balustrades above, flanked by frosted glass panels, providing both privacy and views. Metal sunshades with louvres above the Garden Block balconies and louvres to the Tower Block assist in providing thermal comfort. The walkways to the Garden Block have different coloured chequered tiled floors to each level for orientation. The lift landings in the Tower Block also have different decor for different landing levels. All landing levels in both blocks have steel garbage shute doors and timber milk bottle hatches. The observation tower has sloping glass walls which assist viewing, and contains a central stainless steel and brass direction dial. The observation tower commands exceptional 360-degree views of Brisbane and surrounds.</p><br>
<p>Torbreck demonstrates design skill in its adaptation of the "international style" to site, climate and human occupation, in its maximising the natural advantages of the site; sunshading and louvres, detailing of balustrades, remaining original lift landing features, and observation room. It also demonstrates a clear 1950s aesthetic sensibility in its articulation of external forms, and its use of materials, in particular the use of texture in the brick and concrete work, and in its use of steel louvres.</p><br>
<p>Torbreck remains substantially intact as an impressive Brisbane landmark.</p><br>
<p>The immediate surrounds are well vegetated, with the plants providing shade for the outdoor living areas and car park. Each unit in Torbreck has at least one balcony, which include planter boxes and glass balustrades. Torbreck is constructed from concrete and brick, with expressive detailing in brickwork, stone and timber, to address the domestic scale.The development was originally designed to provide social and public amenity with a mix-used ground floor, having facilities such as shops and restaurants, these were never built.</p><br>
<h3>Climatic design</h3><br>
<p>Job and Froud saw it important that each apartment carefully considered privacy, outlook and proper orientation. These principles, coupled with the trend towards passive climatic design that was popularised in Queensland by Karl Langer, resulted in a design that strongly incorporated passive design principles. As well as informing Torbreck&#39;s planning, technologies such as the innovative aluminium vertical blade sun shading system were incorporated to manage breezes, solar heat and glare impact and maximise the use of natural light within the building. The significance and attention given to external garden spaces further demonstrates the significance of the climate and place of Brisbane as design drivers.</p><br>
<h3>Construction techniques</h3><br>
<p>Both blocks demonstrate a different approach to concrete construction, the Tower block being a relatively standard example of a reinforced concrete structure of the late 1950s, while the Garden block employed the new ‘lift slab construction&#39; system, the first of its kind in Queensland. The term lift-slab defines a style of construction in which each floor, and the roof are pre-fabricated on the ground in a stack and raised into position along vertical wall supports. The external walls are cavity brick and provide an aesthetically domestic cladding for the building, as well as providing insulative properties. Internal walls dividing apartments were of a double brick construction to reduce sound transfer, while walls within apartments were of a non-load bearing nature to allow for simple future renovations.Different room configurations were also made possible off the plan. Provisions were made for television points (TV was relatively new) and each apartment had a gas clothes drying cupboard and the building boasted a filtered water supply via rooftop tanks. A garbage chute was available on every floor in both towers and rubbish was originally incinerated via a basement incinerator on level B1 which was ignited at night time so that the smoke out of the tower block rooftop was less visible. The building used to ( and may still have) a postal box in the lobby in order to mail letters and mail is delivered to each floor by Australia Post rather than to central mailboxes in the lobby as with modern buildings. The rooftop observation deck, a common area for all residents, was originally designed to be a cocktail lounge however these plans never materialised. In order to purchase an apartment off the plan, an initial deposit was required and then scheduled progress payments fell due at certain points during the construction until the balance was due upon completion. One monthly fee per apartment covers council rates, water and association/ maintenance and administration fees. Potential buyers could also see their potential view via helicopter at one stage during construction. Apparently there was little security in the early years and Highgate Hill locals used to walk through the lobby off Dornoch Tce and exit on Chermside St via the Garden Block lift as a short cut. The original Tower Block internal lift doors contained a small rectangular window through which you could see the various floors, concrete and brickwork pass by as you travelled between floors.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Torbreck was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 17 December 1999 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.: Torbreck has historical significance as the first company-titled multi-storeyed home unit development erected in Queensland based on 1950s North American models. The construction of Torbreck pioneered the market for this type of home unit development in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.: Torbreck is of architectural significance as a well designed example of multi storeyed home unit building, particularly in its site planning and detailing. The Torbreck complex is a good example of 1950s architectural and landscape design in its form, attention to climate control and use of materials.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.: Torbreck has aesthetic and social significance as a prominent landmark of inner suburban Brisbane.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating a high degree of creative or technical achievement at a particular period.: The Garden Block is an early use of lift slab construction in Queensland and is of technological significance.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.: Torbreck has aesthetic and social significance as a prominent landmark of inner suburban Brisbane.</p><br>
<p>Lytton Quarantine Station is a heritage-listed former quarantine station at 160 South Street, Lytton, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1913 to. It is also known as Customs Reserve and Lytton Quarantine Complex and Animal Detention Centre. It is included within the Fort Lytton National Park. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 22 September 2000.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Lytton Quarantine Station was established in 1913-1914, to accommodate newly arrived immigrants and persons considered to be at risk of causing infection to the general population. Situated at an isolated location at the mouth of the Brisbane River, the place illustrates early 20th century attitudes to quarantine practices and the provision of quarantine facilities, and is important as part of a continuum of sites in and adjacent to Moreton Bay, used for quarantine purposes from 1844.</p><br>
<p>There were no human quarantine facilities at Moreton Bay during the penal era 1824-42, as all immigration came via Sydney. Following the opening of the district to free settlement in February 1842, a quarantine station was formed in 1844 at Dunwich, on Stradbroke Island, at the site of a former goods transfer depot established by convicts in the late 1820s. From 1864, Dunwich served as both quarantine station and benevolent asylum. The quarantine station was relocated briefly to St Helena Island in Moreton Bay in 1866-67, along with the newly erected gaol there, but was soon returned to Dunwich. From 1874 to 1915 Peel Island in Moreton Bay served as Brisbane&#39;s human quarantine station.</p><br>
<p>The Lytton site, just south of Fort Lytton at the mouth of the Brisbane River, had a variety of uses prior to the establishment of the Quarantine Station in the early 20th century, occupying a former customs reserve (established 1858-59), sections of the early township of Lytton (surveyed in 1859), and an animal quarantine facility (established 1889).</p><br>
<p>The history of the Lytton district is closely aligned to the establishment during the 1840s and 1850s of the Port of Moreton Bay at Brisbane Town, on the Brisbane River, rather than at Cleveland on the Bay. Moreton Bay was proclaimed a Port of Entry, with the facilities to collect customs, in June 1846. Brisbane was declared a warehousing port in 1849 and a Customs House was erected there in 1850. In 1857 the New South Wales colonial government began to investigate the suitability of establishing a customs station at the south head of the Brisbane River (present-day Lytton). In August 1857, surveyor James Warner completed a preliminary survey of a site for a village, which was approved in November 1858, and in December 1858 tenders were called for the construction of a Customs Station nearby on the river. In February 1859 Warner officially surveyed sections 1 to 13 of the village of Lytton, as well as sites for a customs landing place and a signal station. From 1 July 1859 a Tide Surveyor was stationed at Lytton. His job was to meet and board all ships entering the harbour, to prevent the evasion of customs duties. He was assisted by a coxswain and four boatmen, also stationed at the Lytton customs reserve. Following separation from New South Wales in December 1859, the Queensland government maintained Lytton&#39;s role as the customs entry to the Port of Moreton Bay. From Water Police-cum-Customs Officers were stationed on the gaol hulk Proserpine at the mouth of the Brisbane River. The Sub-inspector of the Water Police, based at the Lytton Customs Reserve, was also appointed as a health officer, and inspected all vessels entering the port.</p><br>
<p>Early buildings and structures associated with the Lytton Customs Station included: customs station (1858-9); electric telegraph station (1861); pilots houses and sheds (1862); boatmans cottage (1863); boat slip (1863); health officers house (1865); Lytton Wharf (1866); and additional boatmens quarters (1872).</p><br>
<p>Some sections of Lytton township were alienated between 1860 and 1863, mostly by Brisbane speculators who anticipated the development of wharf facilities at Lytton. Few private buildings were erected there. The Crown and Anchor Hotel operated at Lytton briefly in 1865-66, when a government wharf adjacent to the Customs Reserve was built in 1866 to tranship railway stores and plant for construction of the Southern and Western Railway. From 1878 until the Lytton Hotel served local farmers and a military presence. Lytton State School was established. In general, the district remained agricultural.</p><br>
<p>Sir George Bowen, on completion of his term as Governor and departure from Moreton Bay on 4 January 1868, officially named and designated Lytton as Brisbane&#39;s port.</p><br>
<p>In 1877, Lytton was identified as the site for a defence fortification to guard the mouth of the Brisbane River. In 1880-82 Fort Lytton was constructed adjacent to and north of the Customs Reserve.</p><br>
<p>In the 1880s, colonial concern with the quarantine of imported animals led to the June 1889 proclamation of a small Reserve for Quarantine Purposes at Lytton (Reserve 230 - 1a 3r 29p), on the river adjacent to the Lytton Town Reserve and south of the Customs Reserve. Its location suggests it was for maritime quarantine. By May 1890 builders John Petrie & Son had completed a cottage, stables and forage room on the Lytton Quarantine Reserve, and in 1893, dog kennels were constructed. In April 1894, in anticipation of an expected influx of imported animals following the lifting of restrictions on stock imports, an extension of 2 acres 2 roods to the Reserve for Quarantine Purposes at Lytton was proclaimed as Reserve 231. This extension occupied the southern half of the Customs Reserve. In 1891 and 1900, much of Lytton township was resumed for military purposes, with part of the 1900 resumption allocated to the Animal Quarantine Station. Several existing residences were used for customs personnel and others were removed from the site in the early 20th century.</p><br>
<p>Following the formation of the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901, quarantine became a federal responsibility under the Commonwealth Quarantine Act 1908. From 1908-1911, the Queensland Commissioner of Public Health (a position created under Queenslands Health Act of 1900) performed the duties of quarantine officer for the Commonwealth. In 1910 Dr John Simeon Colebrook Elkington was appointed to this position, and in the following three years established Queenslands public health infrastructure, and oversaw the administration and implementation of State and Commonwealth quarantine practices. In 1922 Elkington wrote a text on quarantine procedures for the Commonwealth, which not only governed quarantine practice in Australia but was adopted as the model in at least three other countries.</p><br>
<p>In January 1912, the administration of quarantine facilities and practices in Queensland was transferred wholly to the Federal Quarantine Bureau. In December 1913, Elkington resigned his State position and joined the Commonwealth Health Service in Brisbane, overseeing the establishment of the quarantine facility at Lytton.</p><br>
<p>The establishment of a human quarantine station at Lytton was made practicable following the widening and deepening of the channel through the bar at the mouth of the Brisbane River, completed in 1911. This permitted deep-draught, ocean-going vessels to enter the Brisbane River. Construction of the Lytton Quarantine Station was undertaken by the Queensland Department of Works, financed by a Commonwealth loan, and approved by the Commonwealth Department of Home Affairs. Tenders were called in June 1913 for the construction of an administration building, isolation hospital, observation block, attendant&#39;s quarters, domestic quarters and stores, with the contract let to Lyons and Paton with a price of £5,153. The quarantine buildings were erected on the north eastern part of the reserve (now a vacant site, part of which is incorporated within Fort Lytton National Park, and part on freehold land owned by Caltex Refineries (Qld) Ltd). It is possible that some of the buildings associated with the isolation hospital established at Colmslie in the early 1900s were relocated to the Lytton Quarantine Reserve at this time. In 1914, tenders were called for a laundry, meat store, incinerating shed, footpath and tramway/trolley lines.</p><br>
<p>The quarantine station buildings were timber-framed and timber-clad with corrugated iron roofs and elevated on low concrete stumps. The wards were segregated with first, second and third class facilities (similar to arrangements on board ship). Some wards were mosquito-proofed, but most were not. At various times the quarantine station buildings also provided accommodation for persons stationed at adjacent Fort Lytton. The fort also played a role in the function of the quarantine station, controlling ships attempting to enter the Brisbane River without appropriate health clearances. In 1919 the world-wide outbreak of Spanish Influenza which followed the end of the First World War was delayed in Brisbane by some three months, following a strict quarantine at Lytton of personnel returning on troop ships.</p><br>
<p>During Elkington&#39;s era, a venereal diseases hospital was established on the southern portion of the Lytton Quarantine Reserve, adjacent to South Street. This area is now owned by Caltex Refineries (Qld) Ltd.</p><br>
<p>By 1928, the Lytton Quarantine Station facilities had been extended and enhanced. Vessels were met at the river mouth by the Health Authorities who boarded each ship (two launches were kept at Lytton) and inspected all goods and personnel on board. Suspect people and goods were landed at Lytton for fumigation and isolation. Jetty facilities permitted passengers to disembark on foot and a crane was provided for conveying sick passengers, luggage and stores to shore. A tram line ran from the jetty to the reception house. A permanent staff of a foreman assistant, two engine-drivers, a coxswain and four assistants was employed to maintain the facilities and attend to non-human quarantine, which included disinfection of luggage and materials using a steam disinfector (autoclave) with attachments for cyanide or formaldehyde gas. A bathing block permitted 10 cabin passengers and 20 crew, third class or deck passengers to bathe simultaneously. Separate accommodation in tents or troop huts had been established for Asiatics, with separate kitchen, dining-room, shelter shed, lavatory and bath blocks. Lighting was supplied from kerosene lamps. A water carriage sewerage system discharged directly into the river, with a chlorination chamber available for disinfection of sewerage as necessary. The medical officers and foreman assistants quarters were connected to the city telephone service and internal telephones served most of the principal buildings. A cemetery was located within the grounds. The Lytton facility functioned as a human quarantine station until the early 1980s, by which time the decision had been made to phase out human quarantine services. Arrangements were made for Kenmore Repatriation Hospital to provide observation facilities in the event that they were required, and in 1982 the Lytton facility reverted to its earlier role as an animal quarantine station, re-designated the Lytton Quarantine Complex and Animal Detention Centre. Facilities comprised a launch jetty, workshop, inflammable store, guinea pig area, imports treatment laboratory, utility buildings area, offices, stores, and animal quarantine detention facilities. In addition to its role as an animal quarantine centre, Lytton served as a communications centre, a base for south side shipping clearance and inspection, a facility for dealing with quarantine treatment and detention of materials, a training area and a depot for stores. Many of the buildings associated with the human quarantine station at Lytton were removed after the 1982 closure, some relocated to sites in the Lytton and Wynnum districts.</p><br>
<p>By the late 1980s the Lytton facility had closed completely. In 1988 management of part of the site and buildings, including the quarantine station jetty, was taken over by the Department of Environment, Conservation and Tourism, through the Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service, associated with the administration of adjacent Fort Lytton, which was declared an Historic National Park in 1990. The building currently used by the Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service as the administration centre for Fort Lytton, was relocated from elsewhere on the former quarantine station reserve, where it once functioned as the doctor&#39;s quarters. In 1999, that part of the former Lytton Quarantine Station site managed by the Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service was incorporated into Fort Lytton National Park.</p><br>
<p>The remainder of the former Lytton Quarantine Station site was transferred to the owners of the adjacent oil refinery (now Caltex Refineries (Qld) Ltd) in the late 1980s. No buildings associated with the quarantine station remain on this freehold land, but archaeological evidence of past human activity on the site was identified in a 1994 historical and archaeological survey of the former Lytton Quarantine Station, prepared for the Office of the Co-ordinator-General, Queensland. Although there has been little development of the freehold part of the site to date, for the purposes of this entry in the Queensland Heritage Register, the listing boundary is restricted to that part of the former Lytton Quarantine Station now incorporated within Fort Lytton National Park, at the northern end of the site, which contains a number of extant buildings and structures associated with the functioning of the site as a quarantine station. This does not in any way detract from the significance of the remainder of the site, which remains important for its association with early land use in the Lytton district from at least the 1850s, for its association with the human quarantine facility established at Lytton in the early 20th century, for its potential to reveal archaeological evidence, and for contributing to the sense of isolation which was characteristic of the quarantine facility established here in the 1910s.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former Lytton Quarantine Station is located on low, flat land adjacent to and south of Fort Lytton at the southern head of the mouth of the Brisbane River.</p><br>
<p>The principal structures and elements on that part of the former Lytton Quarantine Station now incorporated within Fort Lytton National Park, include: Jetty - constructed of timber planks bolted together and supported by wooden piles reinforced with concrete. It is associated with the earliest phase of the development of the quarantine station at Lytton, in the 1910s.</p><br>
<h3>Reception House</h3><br>
<p>The reception house is a small, timber-framed, weatherboard-clad building with fibrous-cement sheeting and battening in the gabled ends. It has a corrugated iron roof and a verandah at the north end of the building which is constructed over tramway tracks that once linked the quarantine complex to the jetty to the west. The interior has been altered to accommodate offices, but the building remains substantially intact. It is associated with the earliest phase of the development of the quarantine station at Lytton, in the 1910s.</p><br>
<h3>Tram/trolley bridge foundations</h3><br>
<p>The tram/trolley bridge foundations comprise pairs of steel reinforced concrete footings set 2m apart, leading west from the Reception House toward the jetty. In some places wooden sleepers are visible, but the majority of the decking and all the rails are missing. This element is associated with the earliest phase of the development of the quarantine station at Lytton, in the 1910s.</p><br>
<h3>Bath House</h3><br>
<p>The bath house is a large, rectangular, timber-framed, building with weatherboard-cladding to above sill height, above which is fibrous-cement sheeting and battening. It has a corrugated iron roof with ventilators along the ridge, and rests on a concrete slab. No evidence of services such as shower fittings, etc. remains, but the original interior layout is still discernible and the upper level observation post, at the north end of the building, is intact. Two square brick-lined drainage traps (620mm x 620mm) are located on the eastern side of the shower block. The building is associated with the earliest phase of the development of the quarantine station at Lytton, in the 1910s.</p><br>
<h3>Boiler House</h3><br>
<p>The boiler house is a tall, rectangular brick building with engaged piers, corrugated iron roof, substantial external chimney stack and external drains, with boilers and associated fittings internally. The whole is remarkable intact, and is associated with the earliest phase of the development of the quarantine station at Lytton, in the 1910s.</p><br>
<h3>Fuel Shed</h3><br>
<p>The fuel shed is a small, later, timber-framed, weatherboard-clad structure with a low-pitched corrugated iron roof, adjacent to the eastern end of the boiler room.</p><br>
<h3>Disinfecting block</h3><br>
<p>The disinfecting block is a large, rectangular, timber-framed, building with weatherboard-cladding to above sill height, above which is fibrous-cement sheeting and battening. It has a corrugated iron roof and rests on a concrete slab. The internal autoclave and associated fittings are in-situ, along with trolley track and trolleys. Trolley or tram lines run west out of the centre of the western end of the building, toward the jetty. An overhead pipeline from the boiler house to the south side of the disinfecting block attaches to the autoclave. The building is remarkably intact, and is associated with the earliest phase of the development of the quarantine station at Lytton, in the 1910s.</p><br>
<h3>Laundry Block</h3><br>
<p>The laundry block is a rectangular, timber-framed, building with weatherboard-cladding to above sill height, above which is fibrous-cement sheeting and battening. It has a corrugated iron gabled roof with iron ventilators along the ridge and on the west side of the roof. The building rests on a concrete slab, and has a verandah over a concrete pathway along part of the western side of the building. There is a later, tall metal roller door at the north end of the building, but the remaining doors and fenestration appear to be original. Concrete footings associated with former tank stands are evident on the east side of the building. The building is remarkably intact, and is associated with the earliest phase of the development of the quarantine station at Lytton, in the 1910s. Enclosed laundry yard - the yard area to the east and south of the laundry block has a concrete retaining wall approximately 150mm high and 150mm wide. The west and east sides of the yard are bounded by round metal posts capped with concrete while the south side is defined by tram/trolley rails set vertically as posts (1500mm high). There is an open concrete drain along the eastern side of the yard, inside the fence posts. The yard contains 12 square wooden posts approximately 2m in height, which are likely to have supported clothes lines. A service inspection hatch is located centrally in the southern section of the yard. This has a 1m x 1m concrete housing with a 600mm x 600mm steel lid with embossed cross-hatching and the lettering "Harvey & Son". A block of late 20th century relocatable toilets is also sited in this yard. Despite this, the yard remains substantially intact, and is associated with the earliest phase of the development of the quarantine station at Lytton, in the 1910s.</p><br>
<h3>Two launchmen's cottages</h3><br>
<p>The two timber-framed, weatherboard clad launchmen&#39;s cottages are located along the eastern boundary of that part of the former Lytton Quarantine Station which has been incorporated into Fort Lytton National Park, south of the laundry and laundry yard. Originally there were three cottages, but the middle house has been removed. The two remaining houses have corrugated iron roofs and rest on low concrete piers. Although no interior inspection has been made, these houses appear to be reasonably intact. They are associated with the earliest phase of the development of the quarantine station at Lytton, in the 1910s.</p><br>
<h3>Doctor's Quarters</h3><br>
<p>The doctor&#39;s quarters is a two-storeyed building currently functioning as the administration centre for Fort Lytton National Park. It was initially a single-storeyed, timber-framed, weatherboard-clad house which has been relocated from elsewhere on the site to its present position south of the Bath House, raised, to create a ground floor which is enclosed with fibrous-cement planking. Although no longer in situ, the place was associated with the earliest phase of the development of the quarantine station at Lytton, in the 1910s.</p><br>
<h3>Workshop</h3><br>
<p>The worshop is a small, rectangular, brick structure, resting on a concrete slab. It has a corrugated iron roof which is lined with timber boards. Internally, exposed roof trusses have been cut and braced to provide higher clearance for machinery. Outside, along the eastern side of the building is a concrete slab and seven pairs of concrete piers in ramp-like formation. On the western side of the building is This structure appears to correspond with a building marked "workshop" identified on a 1918 plan of the site. It now functions as a machinery store.</p><br>
<h3>Sewerage Treatment Plant</h3><br>
<p>At the far southwest of the site is a small, early sewerage treatment facility 14.8 m long and 5.5m wide. It is of concrete construction, and has a central rectangular wire mesh cage filled with coarse rubble which possibly functioned as primary filtration of effluent. The plant remains substantially intact, and is associated with the earliest phase of the development of the quarantine station at Lytton, in the 1910s.</p><br>
<h3>Grounds and surrounds</h3><br>
<p>Apart from the relocation of the former Doctor&#39;s Quarters to the northwestern end of the site, the surviving buildings and other structural and archaeological elements maintain their original spatial relationship. The surrounding grounds are mostly grassed, with a new bitumen road, which leads to the present entrance to Fort Lytton, established west of the original metalled roadway into the quarantine station. There are a number of mature, though not large, trees, at the southern end of the site, associated with the former quarantine station.</p><br>
<p>At the north east end of the site is an unoccupied block, fenced off, and formerly the site of the administrative building, attendant&#39;s quarters, stores, isolation hospital and observation block, associated with the establishment of the Lytton Quarantine Station in 1913-14. All of these buildings have been removed from the site, but a number of archaeological elements associated with the quarantine station have been identified. These include the concrete foundation slab and some wall remnants of the former Laboratory Building/Morgue at the far eastern end of the site; the concrete foundation slab of a building marked "laundry" on a 1918 plan, at the western side of the site; the concrete foundation slab of a small building identified as "Receiving Shed" on a 1918 plan, at the northern end of the site; and elements of the early drainage system associated with the former Lytton Quarantine Station.</p><br>
<p>The Lytton Quarantine Station extended a considerable distance to the south of what is now Fort Lytton National Park, and included a venereal diseases hospital and animal quarantine facilities. The 1994 archaeological survey of all 31 hectares of the site identified 237 features associated with the historic use of the site from at least the 1910s. That part of the former Lytton Quarantine Station not included within Fort Lytton National Park is not included within the listing boundary for the entry in the Queensland Heritage Register.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The Lytton Quarantine Stationwas listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 22 September 2000 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Lytton Quarantine Station and site is important in illustrating the evolution of Queensland&#39;s history, being associated with:</p><br>
<p>the early establishment of Lytton township and district prior to Separation in 1859</p><br>
<p>the early establishment of maritime customs and telegraph facilities in Queensland</p><br>
<p>the provision of animal quarantine facilities in the late 19th century</p><br>
<p>the provision of human quarantine facilities in the early 20th century</p><br>
<p>In particular, the place is important in illustrating the evolution of attitudes and approaches to the management of infectious diseases in Australia in the immediate post-Federation period. The place is also significant historically as part of a continuum of sites in and adjacent to Moreton Bay used for human quarantine purposes from 1844 to 1982.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>While only some of the Lytton buildings remain, the site still provides important, rare surviving evidence of early 20th century Australian quarantine stations.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield historical archaeological information, especially with regard to the location of the burial ground associated with the human quarantine facility, the likely location of which was adjacent to the morgue at the northeast end of the site.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The surviving quarantine buildings, being substantially intact and mostly in situ, are important in illustrating the principal characteristics of an early 20th century Australian marine quarantine station, including the isolated location, building types (materials, forms, design, aesthetics, coherency and functions), spatial arrangements and grounds layout, and provision of services. Of the three early 20th century quarantine stations established by the Federal Government in Queensland (at Thursday Island, Cape Pallarenda (Townsville) and Lytton (Brisbane)), the Lytton facility was the first and the largest.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Appropriate interpretation of the surviving buildings, structures and other elements at the northern end of the former Lytton Quarantine Station has the potential to graphically and physically illustrate the experience of the quarantine process which many immigrants to Australia encountered.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The place has considerable social significance, being associated with the reception of immigrants in Queensland for nearly 70 years. Being quarantined at Lytton was often an immigrant&#39;s first experience of life in Queensland and in Australia.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the work of Dr JSC Elkington, who was responsible for the design and development of Queensland&#39;s early 20th century public health infrastructure, and who became an authority on quarantine practice in post-Federation Australia. The Lytton Quarantine Station remains illustrative of his work.</p><br>
<p>John Mills&#39; residence is a heritage-listed villa at 107 Kadumba Street, Yeronga, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was built. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 25 August 2000.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This house was erected /1915 for John Charles Mills and his wife Sarah, who purchased the Yeronga site, which then comprised nearly 2 acres, in October 1913. The transfer was registered in the name of Sarah Mills in January 1915. A map of the Kitchener Estate at Yeronga, which was auctioned on 24 April 1915, refers to John Mills&#39; new residence, and it is likely the house was completed by this date.</p><br>
<p>John Mills was a successful Brisbane printer, who traded from Adelaide Street as Mills and Green, printers and stationers, in the early years of the 20th century. From 1909, however, Mills was trading as John Mills Himself. During the First World War his business expanded, with a warehouse established at Newstead, and in 1919 he erected new brick premises at 40 Charlotte Street, Brisbane (John Mills Himself Building), designed by Brisbane architect John Henry Burley of Queen Street. By the 1920s the business was well established, attracting clients such as Steele Rudd. After his death, the business was conducted by his sons, John and Sam, and remained in the family until the 1980s.</p><br>
<p>It is possible that JH Burley also designed the Mills Kadumba Street residence. Burley established a sound architectural practice in southeast Queensland in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, his residential work including St Josephs Presbytery at Kangaroo Point (1899), Bellissima Guest House at Canungra for the Lahey family (1916) and Inverness, the Nestles Companys managers house at Toogoolawah (1917).</p><br>
<p>John and Sarah Mills resided at Kadumba Street (the section between Grimes and Douglas Streets was known as Dunn Street until 1946) from. John died in 1934, but his wife remained in their Yeronga home until her death in 1953. The property then passed to Queensland Trustees Ltd and was sold to Frederick William Filer and James Francis Swengley in 1954. In 1958 the house, on a reduced site, passed to James Francis and Grace Agnes Swengley, and they sold this property to Keith Eric Watt in 1962. In 1989 it was acquired by heritage conservation writer Ian Evans, who restored the house and grounds.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>107 Kadumba Street is a large, picturesque single-storeyed timber residence, with a corrugated iron roof and timber verandahs. The house is one of a group of three adjacent substantial late 19th and early 20th century timber residences on Kadumba Street screened by a streetscape of mature trees, and contributes to both the streetscape of Kadumba Street and the townscape of Yeronga.</p><br>
<p>This deep plan house is covered by a capacious hipped roof with three projecting gables to the street-facing elevation to the south and one to the west, and sits above ground level on timber stumps in-filled with timber batten screens. It is encircled by verandahs of varying depths: narrow to the north for service access; more generous to the south for entrance areas; deeper again to the west adjacent to bedrooms, and forming a large outdoor room adjacent to bedrooms and kitchen to the east (an early extension). The verandah ceilings vary in height; flat under gables and raked elsewhere. The house is clad in chamferboard to gable ends and rear service areas, and vertically jointed timber with externally expressed framing in areas protected by verandahs. External rooms open onto verandahs with timber double doors with curved mullions and fanlights.</p><br>
<p>The southern, street facing elevation has three gabled bays with central stairs; the central, smaller bay is enclosed and forms the main entrance to the house. The bays either side have double square posts, with curvilinear valances, and a spandrel panel of timber battens above. The central bay also has valances, a smaller batten frieze, gable battening, and marbled timber door surrounds.</p><br>
<p>The house has a symmetrically organised plan, comprising two finely decorated major central rooms - a Drawing Room to the south and Billiard Room to the north, flanked by wings of bedrooms, with the kitchen in the north west corner. The entrance lobby projects into the Drawing Room, and has a front door with coloured glass surrounds, and small side doors with coloured glass panels. The Drawing Room is a generously proportioned and finely finished space, with a timber boarded ceiling with raked edges and a central coloured glass rooflight, and a frieze running between a timber picture rail and cornice. The door between the Drawing Room and Billiard Room has fine coloured glass panels in timber surrounds. The Billiard Room is encircled with "grained" painted timber panels which run under a silky oak shelf at lintel height, with vertically jointed timber above, finishing in a stencilled frieze running between a timber picture rail and cornice. The north-eastern corner of the room has a diagonally placed fireplace with glazed ceramic tiles, and silky oak mantelpiece and cabinet above. The western end has a large mirror in richly carved surrounds, while the northern wall forms a bay with a central window, and has double doors either side of the bay. Bedrooms all are lined with vertically-jointed timber walls and ceilings, and have fretwork fanlights above the doors.</p><br>
<p>A weatherboard tennis shed, part of the grounds prior to subdivision and now moved to a new site, is located in the south-west corner of the rear garden, having been moved from another site. The front yard contains a number of mature tallowwoods, thought to be part of the original forest.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Residence, 107 Kadumba Street (c1914) was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 25 August 2000 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>107 Kadumba Street is significant historically as important evidence of the evolution of Yeronga as a middle-class residential suburb, established as such in the late 19th century, and sustained into the second half of the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>It has the potential to reveal further information about late 19th/early 20th century Brisbane architects and their work, and may prove to be a fine example of the work of Brisbane architect JH Burley.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>It is a substantial, picturesque, early 20th century timber residence set in a garden of mature Tallowwood trees, and contains particularly fine interiors.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>As one of a group of similarly substantial late 19th and early 20th century timber residences on Kadumba Street, the building contributes to the streetscape of Kadumba Street and to the townscape of Yeronga.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The place is significant also for its association with successful Brisbane printer John Charles Mills, who from 1909 traded as John Mills Himself.</p><br>
<p>John Mills Himself Building is a heritage-listed warehouse at 40 Charlotte Street, Brisbane City, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was built in 1919. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The confidence and optimism caused by Queensland&#39;s economic prosperity between 1908 and 1914, found its expression in the redevelopment of inner city areas like Charlotte Street where light industry workshops replaced timber residential and business premises. Small industrial businesses, such as John Reid and Nephews (engineers), George Weston (metal merchants) and John Mills (printer) built their premises in Charlotte Street on the fringe of the commercial centre, in 1912-13, 1915 and 1918, respectively.</p><br>
<p>In July 1918 this site was purchased by John Charles Mills. Mills traded as Mills and Green, printers and stationers from 1907-1908 in Adelaide Street, but on dissolution of the partnership, he traded alone, under the name John Mills Himself. During World War I his business expanded and he established a large warehouse at Newstead. In 1919 he moved to Charlotte Street and constructed his office, printery workshop and warehouse on this site previously occupied by Markwell&#39;s cottage. By the 1920s the business was well established, attracting clients such as Steele Rudd. Mills leased the remainder of the building to related businesses, including the Gresham Publishing Company Ltd from 1920 to 1933 and the Press Etching Company, blockmakers and process engravers from 1921 to 1941. Other rooms were leased to clothing manufacturers, mapmakers, watchmakers and lantern slide makers.</p><br>
<p>After John Mills&#39; death in 1934, his business was continued by his sons, John and Sam Mills. During World War II part of the building was used as a gymnasium for the National Fitness Movement. In recent years it has been occupied by a variety of tenants associated with the arts. The property remained in the Mills family until the 1980s.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>John Mills Himself is the tallest of a group of brick buildings in Charlotte Street extending from the Pancake Manor (St Luke&#39;s Church of England, Brisbane) to George Weston and Sons. It consists of two buildings connected by an open timber stairway. The portion fronting Charlotte Street is three storeys high with a face brick and render street elevation and a tall decorative parapet. The ground floor has an entry to either side of a central window with a plinth of darker brick. The window sills are the same dark brick. The remainder of the facade is divided by brick pilasters into a large central bay flanked by narrow bays. Between the first and second floor is a horizontal band of blue ceramic tiles broken only by the pilasters. The end brick pilasters continue through the parapet to become tall freestanding columns, while the central two support a triangular classical pediment. Below the pediment in the tall parapet are the words "John Mills Himself" picked out in raised rendered lettering. The timber doors and windows on the facade are original.</p><br>
<p>The upper portion of the side walls extend in a tall flowing double curve to support the parapet. Behind the front section the building is only two storeys high. The top level has natural light from a central clerestory. Under the clerestory internally some roof trusses are partially exposed. The ceiling is timber boarding. Modern office partitioning has been added to the internal spaces in the three-storey section of the building.</p><br>
<p>At the rear is a separate building facing a laneway from Elizabeth Street. This is two storeys above a basement and has two loading bays centrally on its rear facade. A projecting gantry is located centrally in the end gable. The basement runs the length of both buildings. This building has an exposed structure with large scale timber beams and columns, timber joists separated by herring-bone strutting and exposed timber trusses.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>John Mills Himself Building was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>John Mills Himself Building is significant as an example of the redevelopment of Charlotte Street in the early twentieth century as a light industrial precinct.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>John Mills Himself Building is significant for the contribution the scale, texture and form of the building makes to the streetscape.</p><br>
<p>John Mills Himself Building provides a visual complement to other brick buildings nearby including George Weston and Sons Workshop, John Reid and Nephews Building facade and the former St Luke&#39;s Church of England (now The Pancake Manor).</p><br>
<p>The George Berry Washington Memorial is a monumental funerary sculpture located on Arkansas Highway 149 north of Earle, Arkansas. It is the only major funerary sculpture in Crittenden County, and it commemorates the life and accomplishments of the Rev. George Berry Washington , an African American who was probably born into slavery, but ended his life as one of the countys largest landowners. Washingtons grave site is on a low mound in an open field on the east side Highway 149. Two elaborately-carved stone piers, 3 ft in height, flank wide steps leading up to the monument. The monument is a marble statue of an angel 5 ft in height, mounted on a column of marble blocks 6 ft high.</p><br>
<p>The memorial was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994.</p><br>
<p>The former West Memphis City Hall is a historic municipal building at 100 Court Street in West Memphis, Arkansas. It is a brick building, whose original 1938 construction consisted of two two-story sections joined by a single-story connector. The front portion of the building housed city offices, while the rear portion housed the fire station and the jail. It was built in 1938 with funding from the Public Works Administration, a Depression-era jobs program. The building was extended to include a courtroom annex in 1944-45, and an enlarged jail annex was added in 1960-61. It no longer houses town offices ; it now houses a police dispatch center and the municipal court.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2010.</p><br>
<p>The Hersey Plow Company Building is a historic industrial building on Hill Street in South Paris, Maine. Believed to have been built about 1848, this brick structure is a rare small industrial building in the interior of Maine. It originally served as a warehouse and sales facility of the Hersey Plow Company, operated by various members of the Hersey family between 1835 and 1862. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990 (where the name is misspelled "Hershey".</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The brick building is two stories high, and three bays wide, with a gable roof. Its modest Greek Revival styling includes granite sills and lintels on the windows, and narrow cornice boards and gable returns. The main entrance is centered in the front facade, flanked by long sash windows. The second level has smaller sash windows, and there are a pair of sash windows in the gable end. The windows on the sides are similar to those on the front, although those on the second level were shortened at some point. A two story wood frame addition, of uncertain construction date but before about 1880, extends to the rear.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the building, when built, was apparently an unadorned open space on both levels, and has seen a degree of partition over the years. The rear addition has seen more significant alterations, including changes to its fenestration.</p><br>
<p>The Hersey Plow Company was established by Simeon Hersey and two partners in 1835. Within a few years, it had grown, and was located to the site of the present building, on the banks of Stony Brook. Here the company built a large works, and dammed the river to harness its power. This plant was completely destroyed by fire in 1842. New facilities were then built on the site, including this building, which served as the sales room and warehouse. No other elements of the Hersey plant survive. Herseys continued to operate the company until 1862, when it was sold to F. C. Merrill. Merrill continued the business, but apparently stopped using this building around 1880.</p><br>
<p>Gardner Lake is a small lake lying at the junction of three Connecticut towns: Salem, Montville, and Bozrah. Named after the Gardner family who owned a large portion of the surrounding land, the 529 acre lake has been expanded in size with the construction of an earthen dam. Three state parks are located around Gardner Lake: Minnie Island State Park, Hopemead State Park, and Gardner Lake State Park. Four campgrounds, a marina and dozens of private residences surround the lake. The lake is used for fishing and boating.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Gardner Lake is a natural lake and is named for the Gardner family which owned a large portion of the surrounding area, but the history of the lake itself is more identified as the site of "an extremely public miscalculation". For years, the house was the subject of children who fished off it in summer and ice skated through the house in the winter, but an enduring tale told by fishermen is that the house&#39;s piano could be heard playing on quiet nights. By 2005, the house was mostly rotted away.</p><br>
<p>Though Gardner Lake is a 529 acre natural lake that has been increased in size by the construction of a 168 ft earthen dam. The dam raises the water level up 4 ft to an average depth of 14 ft. The area surrounding Gardner Lake has dozens of private homes, four campgrounds and a marina.</p><br>
<h2>State parks</h2><br>
<p>Gardner Lake State Park is a small 9.75 acre Connecticut state park located on the south portion of the lake and provides access for fishing, swimming, and boating on the lake.</p><br>
<p>In 2001, the State of Connecticut paid $550,000 to acquire the parcel of land which became Lake Gardner State Park. The land was acquired from the estate of Carmine Belardo and returned a beach to public service that had been a private resort for 60 years. The Town of Salem had sought to acquire the land, but the citizens rejected the plan three times and a state funded grant was rejected in 1994 after the DEP announced the interest in acquiring the property for the state. In 2008, the state spent about $1 million to pave the boat launch area and improve parking for 54 vehicles. In 2012, the State of Connecticut was looking to institute parking fees for the park after it experienced several years of increased attendance and incidents in the park limits. Concerns included littering, unkempt toilets, swimmers going outside the designated zone and police arresting almost three times as many visitors from 2011. In response to the issues, patrols were increased and additional signage was added to inform swimmers. The problems with trash problems and portable toilets ending up in the lake caused concerns for a local advocacy group, Friends of Gardner Lake, and the Gardner Lake Authority which has staff to attend the lake during peak hours.</p><br>
<p>Gardner Lake State Park is located off Connecticut Route 354 and features accessible parking, chemical toilets and a paved boat launch area. This state park designated area is primarily to provide boating and recreational access to the lake, though there is also a small beach for visitors to use. As of 2014, the park does not have a parking fee.</p><br>
<p>Minnie Island State Park is a pine grown-knoll that is located in the deepest portion of the lake. It is an unmarked and undeveloped island that also is Connecticut&#39;s smallest state park at 0.88 acres. The island acquired its name when a local man declared it to be Minnie Island, because he took his wife, Minnie, to it for picnics. Joseph Leary, author of A Shared Landscape writes, "s far back as anyone can remember, the island was a frequent landing place for boating parties and a great place for local children to explore." The island was claimed by both the towns of Salem, Connecticut and Montville, Connecticut though it was not in the land records of either town. This went unnoticed until a man attempted to purchase the island, and then made attempted to establish claim to the island. The man introduced a bill to authorize the sale by the state to establish title to the island, but instead the Connecticut General Assembly drafted and passed a bill to turn the island into a park.</p><br>
<p>Minnie Island State Park offers opportunities for picnicking and fishing to visitors who reach it by boat. Though the Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection lists boating as an activity, which is redundant because the island is accessible by boat. The Oh Ranger website advises visitors of the tiny island to use a kayak to access the island because the island is heavily wooded and it is difficult to find a spot to dock.</p><br>
<p>Hopemead State Park is currently undeveloped 70 acre park on the eastern shore of the lake.</p><br>
<h2>Activities</h2><br>
<p>The Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection, now the Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection has been stocking the lake with walleye since 1993. Local fishing tournaments also occur at Gardner Lake.</p><br>
<p>Wickham Hotel is a heritage-listed hotel at 308 Wickham Street, Fortitude Valley, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Richard Gailey and built in 1885 by Cussack & O&#39;Keefe. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Wickham Hotel is a three-storeyed masonry hotel, constructed by the firm Cussack and OKeefe in 1885 for Timothy OShea who had amalgamated a number of blocks in 1881.</p><br>
<p>The design was by architect Richard Gailey who was also responsible for the design of several other hotels in Brisbane during the 1880s. These included the Regatta at Toowong, and the Prince Consort Hotel, Empire and Jubilee in Fortitude Valley.</p><br>
<p>It was bought in 1895 by Denis O&#39;Connor who owned it until his death in 1937. In 1972 it was sold to Carlton & United Brewing. For most of its existence, the Wickham Hotel has been leased to licensees. The hotel has undergone a number of modifications primarily on the ground floor. Single storeyed extensions have been built on the north-east and north-west sides, and a new drive-in bottle shop abutting the hotel was built recently.</p><br>
<p>From 1996 the Wickham attracted members of the LGBTI community and was known to be gay-friendly. Mark Alsop was a resident DJ between 1997 and 1999. In 2014, it was renovated, re-opened and rebranded to attract a wider range of clientele. The upstairs balcony was opened to patrons.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Wickham Hotel, a three-storeyed rendered brick building with basement, is located on the corner of Wickham, Ballow and Alden Streets.</p><br>
<p>An awning with pressed metal ceilings cantilevers over the footpath on the main facades facing Wickham and Ballow Streets. Below the awning the external wall of the ground floor is finished with mosaic tiles, now painted. The walls above the awning are rendered and lined to suggest stonework and are embellished by horizontal bands at the sill and impost levels of the windows.</p><br>
<p>The ground floor has rectangular timber sash windows. Windows on the first and second floors are arranged in an alternating pattern of paired narrow arched windows and wider single arched windows. A timber-framed verandah projects from the first floor. It has a rolled corrugated iron roof and ornamental cast-iron balustrade, posts, post brackets and frieze. The building has painted corrugated iron hip roofs with narrow overhangs supported on paired modillions. Three rendered chimney stacks are located along the ridges of the roof.</p><br>
<p>An L-shaped verandah is located on the northern corner of the first and second floors at the rear of the building. This verandah is enclosed on the north-western side by a three-storeyed painted brick extension housing bathrooms. Timber posts, balustrade, brackets and boarded frieze remain on the north east.</p><br>
<p>Five sets of timber double doors provide entry from the street. The main entry, located on the Wickham Street facade, opens to a foyer which has a richly embellished plaster ceiling and cornice and contains a generously proportioned timber stair leading to the first floor. The remainder of the ground floor has been refurbished and is occupied by bars, service areas and a bottle shop.</p><br>
<p>Except for a bar located in the southern corner of the first floor, the first and second floors are used for accommodation. The main stair leads only to the first floor. It is connected by an L-shaped corridor to a narrow timber stair that runs between first and second floors. Internally the first and second floor retain much of the original fabric including rendered masonry walls, plaster cornices and skirtings. Timber doors with transom lights open off the central hallway while doors leading to the verandah are half glazed with fanlights above.</p><br>
<p>The finishes and detail of the facade and much of the interior of the ground floor have been altered. The rest of the building remains largely unchanged.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Wickham Hotel was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Wickham Hotel is associated with a major phase in the development of Fortitude Valley.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The Wickham Hotel is an example of a large 1880s three-storeyed hotel with intact, cantilevered single storey verandah and contributes to the Wickham Street streetscape.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The Wickham Hotel is an example of a large 1880s three-storeyed hotel with intact, cantilevered single storey verandah and contributes to the Wickham Street streetscape.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The building is one of a group of hotels designed by architect Richard Gailey which contribute to the architectural character of Brisbane through their imposing presence, extensive use of ornamental cast-iron and classical detailing.</p><br>
<p>Prince Consort Hotel is a heritage-listed hotel at 230 Wickham Street, Fortitude Valley, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Richard Gailey and built from 1887 to 1888 with later extensions. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992. In 2014, it is trading as the Elephant Hotel.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The present Prince Consort Hotel, a three-storeyed masonry building, was erected in 1887-88 for Brisbane publican John Daniel Heal.</p><br>
<p>It was the second Prince Consort Hotel to occupy the site. The first was built c.1863 and leased by Heal. In 1879 Heal purchased the hotel and by 1887 he had acquired several adjoining subdivisions as well. The old building was demolished and its larger replacement took twelve months to build.</p><br>
<p>The new Prince Consort Hotel was designed by architect Richard Gailey, who called tenders in mid-1887.</p><br>
<p>It was erected by contractor William Ferguson at a cost of £9,400, and was completed in August 1888. Ferguson died before the hotel was finished, but the contract was completed by his executors.</p><br>
<p>Its construction in the 1880s reflected the general building boom in Queensland which accompanied a period of unprecedented economic growth. During the second half of the 1880s, Valley residents witnessed the construction of four large hotels all designed by architect Richard Gailey. The Wickham Hotel (1885), the Empire Hotel (1887), the Jubilee Hotel (1887) and the Prince Consort contained extensive accommodation and were located on prominent sites. Gailey also designed the Regatta Hotel at Toowong in 1886.</p><br>
<p>When completed, the new Prince Consort boasted one of the largest bars in Brisbane, three parlours, a large dining room, billiard room, kitchen, cellar, six bathrooms and twenty-eight bedrooms. Four large shops were also built on the ground floor.</p><br>
<p>Running the whole length of the first floor facade was a reception area, known as the Club Room, divided by a folding partition into two rooms. It was a regular meeting venue for local Valley groups such as lodges.</p><br>
<p>In 1935 the hotel underwent alterations and additions, the architect was John Patrick Donoghue and the contractor J Corbett. The hotel&#39;s curved, post-supported awning was probably replaced with the flat cantilevered awning at this time.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The hotel consists of two, three storey, masonry buildings connected by timber verandahs.</p><br>
<p>The principal range along Wickham Street is rendered to resemble ashlar. It has balconies to the two upper floors with cast iron twin posts, and balustrades and friezes of differing designs to each floor. The upper balcony has a curved galvanised iron roof below a corbelled and bracketed string course, a rendered parapet with two triangular pediments, and concrete balusters and urns. French doors with fanlights, between pilasters, open onto the balconies. Changes to the street elevation have been confined to the ground floor shopfronts and the replacement of the original curved, post-supported awning with a flat cantilevered awning.</p><br>
<p>The second building at the rear, is at right angles to the main building. The two buildings are connected by verandahs, which although partially enclosed contain much of the original fabric including timber railings and valances.</p><br>
<p>A number of small accretions have been built at the rear of the building. In the yard behind the building is a large air raid shelter now used as a store room.</p><br>
<p>Internally the hotel retains its original layout and much of its 1880s detailing and finishes. The basement under the main building has openings knocked through the walls. The bars on the ground floor have been renovated a number of times. The main staircase is intact, as are plasterwork and joinery.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Prince Consort Hotel was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Erected during a period of rapid growth in the development of Fortitude Valley, the Prince Consort Hotel is significant as an excellent and intact example of a large, ornate hotel constructed in the late 1880s.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Erected during a period of rapid growth in the development of Fortitude Valley, the Prince Consort Hotel is significant as an excellent and intact example of a large, ornate hotel constructed in the late 1880s.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The Prince Consort Hotel contributes to the Wickham Street streetscape, and is significant as one of a group of hotels designed by architect Richard Gailey which contribute to the architectural character of Brisbane through their imposing presence, extensive use of ornamental cast-iron and classical detailing.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Prince Consort Hotel contributes to the Wickham Street streetscape, and is significant as one of a group of hotels designed by architect Richard Gailey which contribute to the architectural character of Brisbane through their imposing presence, extensive use of ornamental cast-iron and classical detailing.</p><br>
<p>Jubilee Hotel is a heritage-listed hotel at 464-468 St Pauls Terrace, Fortitude Valley, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Richard Gailey and built from 1887 to 1888. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Jubilee Hotel was constructed for William Gooley in 1887-88. It was designed by architect Richard Gailey who had designed a number of other hotels in Fortitude Valley. This was a boom year for hotel construction in the Valley with the Gailey-designed Empire Hotel and Prince Consort Hotel also opening in 1888.</p><br>
<p>The Jubilee differed from these other hotels in size and location. It was built to a smaller scale yet remained an imposing building because of its location in what was then a residential area.</p><br>
<p>The first licensee was Isabella Atwell who ran the hotel, later with her husband, until 1902. William Gooley&#39;s widow, Margaret, sold the hotel to Castlemaine Perkins in 1926. It was sold to the present owners in 1986. The ground floor was refurbished and a beer garden added at the rear.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Jubilee Hotel, located on the corner of Constance Street and St Pauls Terrace, is a two-storeyed rendered brick building with a basement. L-shaped in plan the building has ornate street facades featuring arched window and door openings and an ornamented parapet. Small arched openings at the base of the street elevations ventilate the basement.</p><br>
<p>Windows and doors in the ground floor street elevations have been replaced with fixed glass with the exception of double timber doors opening off Constance Street and three double hung timber windows in the public bar.</p><br>
<p>The St Pauls Terrace elevation, articulated with classical detailing, is divided into three bays. The central bay is recessed to form loggias on the ground and first floors. The main entrance is framed by an arched open top pediment. This entrance, a timber door with fanlight and sidelights, opens onto a central hallway. Much of the ground floor interior has been altered. Plaster ceilings with ornate ceiling roses and cornices remain in the hallway and lounge bar. The hallway retains its rear doors and a richly detailed set of double doors leading to the public bar. Timber stairs at the back of the hallway lead to the first floor.</p><br>
<p>The doors at the rear of the hallway open onto an L-shaped, skillion roofed, rear verandah. It has been enclosed on the ground floor by subsequent extensions and on the first floor by glass louvres. A second timber stair runs in a single flight between the two levels of verandah.</p><br>
<p>The first floor has undergone minor alterations. The hallway has been blocked by a partition wall and bathrooms have been built at both ends of the rear verandah. A section of masonry wall has been removed to create a large room on the southern corner of the first floor. The remainder of the first floor is used for accommodation.</p><br>
<p>A beer garden consisting of timber decks and skillion roofs has been added to the rear of the hotel amalgamating a previously freestanding masonry structure with a corrugated iron hip roof.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Jubilee Hotel was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Its association with a major phase in the development of Fortitude Valley</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>A fine example of an 1880s hotel of simple massing, and with classical embellishments internally and externally</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Its contribution to the St Pauls Terrace Streetscape</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>One of a group of hotels designed by architect Richard Gailey which contribute to the architectural character of Brisbane</p><br>
<p>Leckhampton is a heritage-listed villa at 69 Shafston Avenue, Kangaroo Point, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Alexander Brown Wilson and built from 1889 to 1890 for Charles William Snow. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Considered to be the work of noted architect Alexander B Wilson, Leckhampton was built for Charles William Snow shortly after he purchased the land in 1889. Snow was a prominent city jeweller (his son Charles Smethurst Snow was the founder of the Boy Scouts in Queensland). He died in 1913 and the house remained in the Snow family until 1924.</p><br>
<p>Leckhampton was owned by George and Jessie Hughes from 1924 to 1947.</p><br>
<p>Leckhampton was converted into flats by the 1960s. In 1984, the building was refurbished as office accommodation. As part of the redevelopment a similarly styled building was constructed next door.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Leckhampton is a two-storeyed brick house with a ribbed iron hipped roof. The front and south-east side of the house are sheltered on both levels by deep verandahs which feature decorative cast-iron balusters, columns and friezes. A square, double-storeyed bay, surmounted by a parapet, projects from the northern corner of the main facade. Entry is through a pedimented doorway which leads to a vestibule hall and stairway lit by an impressive stained glass window. Two single-storeyed enclosed verandahs have been added to the rear. A new paved entertainment and pool area behind the house link Leckhampton with the new building.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Leckhampton was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Leckhampton provides evidence of an expression of confidence during the 1880s by a prominent businessman and of the earlier affluent residential character of parts of Kangaroo Point.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Leckhampton is significant as an externally intact and aesthetically pleasing example of a large, late nineteenth century, city residence on the southside.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Leckhampton is significant as an externally intact and aesthetically pleasing example of a large, late nineteenth century, city residence on the southside.</p><br>
<p>Como is a heritage-listed villa at 88 Kadumba Street, Yeronga, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Alexander Brown Wilson and built from 1889 to 1890 by Mr Peterson. It is also known as Barrogill. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 25 August 2000.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Como, known later as Barrogill, was erected in 1889-90 for Brisbane businessman James Walter Hayne, who had acquired the site in October 1889. The architect was Alexander Brown Wilson, and the contractor, accepted in late 1889, was a Mr Peterson, with a tender of £999, the work to be completed by February 1890.</p><br>
<p>The house was erected during an important phase in the development of Yeronga. The Yeronga pocket, which fronts the Brisbane River on the eastern side of the Long Pocket Reach, had been taken up for farming purposes in the early 1850s. In the mid-1860s, part of portion 7 (the Kadumba Street area) was subdivided into large residential allotments fronting the river, but in the 1880s, the area suddenly became a fashionable suburban address. The impetus for successful Brisbane businessmen, lawyers, politicians, and civil servants to establish large residences on the river at Yeronga, came with the construction of the South Brisbane rail line from Corinda to Stanley Street, which opened in 1884 and followed Fairfield Road for much of the way.</p><br>
<p>The majority of fine 1880s and 1890s houses erected in the Yeronga area were built from 1885, following the opening of Yeronga Station that year. Only a few of these residences survive to illustrate the late 19th century development of Yeronga as a middle-class commuter suburb. Amongst those remaining are Como (1889–90) and solicitor Adolph Feez&#39;s home Astolat, which occupy adjacent sites on the southern side of Kadumba Street; Rhyndarra (1889) at the end of Kadumba Street; and Avoca in nearby Feez Street.</p><br>
<p>Yeronga-Lea, the earliest of the large homes erected in the area, no longer survives. The residence of newspaperman and politician Charles Hardie Buzacott, and of Queensland Premier Thomas Joseph Byrnes in the late 1880s and 1890s, Yeronga-Lea was located on the riverbank, on about nine acres of land adjoining the southern boundary of what became the Hayne property. Reputedly, the suburb derives its name from this house. In 1885, the Railway Department named the local station after Mr Buzacotts home, and by January 1886, local residents universally referred to the area as Yeronga, distinguishing themselves from the more generic term of Boggo, the early name for the whole of the district between Clarence Corner and Oxley. Kadumba, erected for the Grimes family, which had owned farming land at Fairfield/Yeronga/Yeerongpilly since the 1870s, is no longer extant, its name perpetuated in one of the suburbs principal streets.</p><br>
<p>Alexander Brown Wilson, the designer of Como, was a highly respected Brisbane architect who had developed a substantial practice by the late 1880s. His domestic work included Kinauld in Highgate Hill, erected in the late 1880s, and Lamb House, the landmark house in Leopard Street at Kangaroo Point, built for the Lamb family in 1902. Wilson also designed the Mowbraytown Presbyterian Church in 1885 and additions to the Ann Street Presbyterian Church in 1897. His commercial architecture included the Plough Inn at South Brisbane, constructed in 1885.</p><br>
<p>James Walter Hayne, for whom Como was commissioned, was born in England in 1852 and emigrated to Queensland in 1864 with his parents, who settled in Ipswich. In 1877, he moved to Brisbane and entered the ironmongery firm of Perry Brothers, working his way up to chief clerk and accountant. In 1885, he left Perry Brothers and established a house and land agency in Brisbane, and in the 1890s, entered the boot trade. From at least 1909 until, he was the Queensland representative of the Sydney Morning Herald and Sydney Mail. At the time his new home was being constructed at Yeronga in 1889-90, Hayne was auditor for the South Brisbane Municipal Council, and secretary of various public companies. He resided at Yeronga with his wife and three daughters only until the late 1890s, but appears to have retained Como until 1915. Reputedly, James Walter Hayne and his neighbour, Adolph Feez, kept on their properties the kennels for the Brisbane Hunt Club, which flourished in Yeronga in the late 1880s and 1890s.</p><br>
<p>Thomas Lahey, of sawmillers and timber merchants Lahey Brothers & Nicklin, occupied Como from -. David Cannon, a western Queensland station owner, hotel proprietor and former Longreach and Barcoo Shire councillor, "retired" to Como in 1912, and in February 1915, the title to the Yeronga property was transferred to Margaret Cannon, his wife. Mrs Cannon died in 1923, following which the property passed to the Union Trustee Company of Australia Ltd. In 1925, Como was occupied by another semi-retired western Queensland grazier, Thomas Purcell of Galway Downs near Windorah, and in 1933 the title to the property was transferred to his widow, Subyna Purcell. Mrs Purcell had left Como by that stage, and from 1932 to 1935 the house was occupied by William Edward Gardner. In 1954, the property was acquired by Emily Perla Brown, and transferred the same year to Donald and Elsie Rosie. The Rosies renamed the house Barrogill, after a castle in Scotland, and in 1958 subdivided the land into five allotments. In 1968, a two-bedroom, self-contained annex to the house was constructed, to plans drawn by Bligh Jessop Bretnall architects. The house was retained by the Rosie family until 1993.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Como, a picturesque substantial single-storeyed timber residence, with steeply pitched corrugated iron roofs, appears on the rise of Kadumba Street framed by its large trees. The house is one of a group of three adjacent substantial late nineteenth century timber residences on Kadumba Street screened by a streetscape of mature trees, and contributes to both the streetscape of Kadumba Street and the townscape of Yeronga.</p><br>
<p>The house comprises a picturesque composition of steep, decorated gables, encircled by verandahs. To the north, the line of the verandah roof is broken by an entry portico with a hipped roof. The residence is lined with deep chamferboard, has sliding sash windows, and sits on a brick base. The verandah has a gently curved corrugated roof, and cast iron valances and balustrades.</p><br>
<p>The residence exterior includes some fine decorative detailing. The gables have timber cross-braces, scalloped barge-boards and fretwork at the peaks. The roof is separated from the verandah by a stepped cornice with dentils. The entry portico has a pair of timber panelled arches with keystones, surmounted by a cornice with dentils.</p><br>
<p>The garden contains fine, mature trees. A row of mango trees lines the south western edge of the site; a large camphor laurel is centrally located in the northern yard; several mango trees line the northern boundary, and a tall hoop pine marks the driveway entrance.</p><br>
<p>In 1993, the house was described in an auction notice as having... Wide entrance hall. 4 bedrooms. Formal lounge. Dining room with fireplace. Large sitting room. Reading lounge with fireplaces...Attic. High 3.66 metre ceilings. A newspaper article from the same year described a...front door (with) spectacular stained glass side and fanlights featuring hand-painted birds and butterflies.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Como was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 25 August 2000 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Barrogill survives as an important illustration of the late 19th century transformation of Yeronga from small farming community to prestigious residential commuter suburb. From a broader perspective, it is important in illustrating the effect that access to rail transport in the late 19th century had on Brisbanes urban environment, creating in the 1870s and 1880s a string of "outer" suburbs along the new railway lines into the capital. The place also illustrates the nature of Queenslands first generation of suburban rail commuters - principally the affluent middle-class. With the construction of this and other houses of similar status in the area in the late 19th century (including adjacent Astolat), the tone of the suburb as a quiet, middle-class residential retreat was established, and sustained into the second half of the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Barrogill is a substantial picturesque timber residence set in a fine garden of mature trees, which appears on the rise of Kadumba Street framed by its large trees.</p><br>
<p>The house is an excellent and substantially intact example of the domestic work of important Brisbane architect AB Wilson.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>As the most visible of a group of substantial late 19th and early 20th century timber residences on Kadumba Street, the building and grounds contribute significantly to the streetscape of Kadumba Street and the townscape of Yeronga.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The house is an excellent and substantially intact example of the domestic work of important Brisbane architect AB Wilson.</p><br>
